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Trace element and isotopic (S, Pb) constraints on the formation of the giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit, NE China

  • Qingqing Zhao ORCID logo , Degao Zhai , Anthony E. Williams-Jones and Jiajun Liu ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: January 3, 2023
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 108 Issue 1

Abstract

Porphyry-type Mo deposits have supplied most of the Mo to the world. However, the source of the Mo and the controls on its enrichment in such deposits is still a matter of great debate. In this study, we present in situ trace element and isotopic data for a giant porphyry Mo deposit (the Chalukou Mo deposit in NE China) and use these data to address these issues. Three primary paragenetic stages of mineralization were recognized at Chalukou: (Stage I) K-feldspar + quartz + minor pyrite (Py-I) + minor molybdenite (Mol-I); (Stage II) quartz + sericite + molybdenite (Mol-II) + pyrite (Py-II); (Stage III) quartz + chlorite + epidote + fluorite + pyrite (Py-III) + galena + sphalerite + minor chalcopyrite. The bulk of the molybdenite was deposited in Stage II. In situ S isotope analyses of the sulfide ores show that the δ34S values vary from –5.2 to +7.8‰ (mean = +2.9‰) and correspond to δ34SH2S values from –2.4 to +3.3‰ (mean = +1.1‰). These values are consistent with a magmatic source for the sulfur. In situ Pb isotope compositions of the sulfide ores are almost identical to those of the local Mesozoic granites and other magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits in this region, suggesting a close genetic association between the Mo mineralization and felsic magmatism.

Pyrite from the three stages of mineralization differs significantly in its trace element composition. The first generation, Py-I, has a high Cu content (8.7 ± 49.6 ppm; where the first value is the median and the second is the standard deviation) and Mo content (6.9 ± 3.8 ppm). Pyrite-II has the lowest Cu concentration (1.3 ± 2.1 ppm) and a relatively high Mo concentration (5 ± 128 ppm), and Py-III has a high Cu content (8.7 ± 37.1 ppm) but the lowest Mo content (0.05 ± 5.7 ppm). From this, we infer that pyrite recorded the chemical evolution in the Mo/Cu ratio of the ore fluid and that this ratio reached a maximum in Stage II, coinciding with the widespread saturation of the fluid in molybdenite. The evolution of the Mo/Cu ratio in pyrite implies that the fluid was undersaturated in chalcopyrite at the high temperature of Stage I, despite the Cu concentration of the fluid apparently being at its high level, and chalcopyrite only saturated later, at a lower temperature. Molybdenite, however, because of its lower solubility, saturated early (Stage I) and in the subsequent stage (Stage II) was supersaturated in the fluid.

There is a significant enrichment of Mo in the syn-ore intrusions at Chalukou compared to the pre-ore monzogranite. The very low Sr/Y ratios for the Chalukou syn-ore intrusions, which are in sharp contrast to the high Sr/Y ratios of the pre-ore monzogranite and those of porphyries related to Cu deposits, suggest that fractional crystallization of plagioclase may have been a key factor in generating the syn-ore magmas. Molybdenum is a highly incompatible metal and will concentrate in the crust, and assimilation of old continental crust, therefore, may explain the Mo enrichment of the syn-ore intrusions and ultimately the formation of the giant Chalukou deposit.

Keywords: Sulfur and lead isotopes; trace element chemistry; porphyry Mo deposits; magma and fluid evolution; metal source and enrichment

Funding statement: This research was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42122012, 41503042), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (QZ05201904), and the 111 Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (BP0719021). D.Z. was supported financially by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) (201906405012) to visit McGill University.

Acknowledgments

We thank Li Su and Hongyu Zhang (CUGB) for performing sulfide in situ trace element analyses. Constructive suggestions from Constantinos Mavrogonatos and an anonymous reviewer, Associate Editor Paul Tomascak and Editor Hongwu Xu significantly improved this manuscript.

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Received: 2021-05-20
Accepted: 2022-01-13
Published Online: 2023-01-03
Published in Print: 2023-01-27

© 2023 Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. MSA Review
  2. Nickel in olivine as an exploration indicator for magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: A data review and re-evaluation
  3. Repeat, fast, and high-resolution mapping of fine-scale trace element distribution in pyrite and marcasite by LA-Q-ICP-MS with the Aerosol Rapid Introduction System (ARIS)
  4. Continuous Be mineralization from two-mica granite to pegmatite: Critical element enrichment processes in a Himalayan leucogranite pluton
  5. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VI: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust (>4370 Ma)
  6. Oxidation or cation re-arrangement? Distinct behavior of riebeckite at high temperature
  7. Fe3+/FeT ratios of amphiboles determined by high spatial resolution single-crystal synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy
  8. How clay delamination supports aseismic slip
  9. The influence of Al2O3 on the structural properties of MgSiO3 akimotoite
  10. Atomistic insight into the ferroelastic post-stishovite transition by high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  11. Epidote as a conveyor of water into the Earth’s deep mantle in subduction zones: Insights from coupled high-pressure and high-temperature experiments
  12. Potential link between antigorite dehydration and shallow intermediate-depth earthquakes in hot subduction zones
  13. Stability of Fe5O6 and its relation to other Fe-Mg-oxides at high pressures and temperatures
  14. From schwertmannite to natrojarosite: Long-term stability and kinetic approach
  15. Trace element and isotopic (S, Pb) constraints on the formation of the giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit, NE China
  16. Textural and chemical evolution of magnetite from the Paleozoic Shuanglong Fe-Cu deposit: Implications for tracing ore-forming fluids
  17. Jingwenite-(Y) from the Yushui Cu deposit, South China: The first occurrence of a V-HREE-bearing silicate mineral
  18. Wenjiite, Ti10(Si,P,◻)7, and kangjinlaite, Ti11(Si,P)10, new minerals in the ternary Ti-P-Si system from the Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China
  19. Evaluating the physicochemical conditions for gold occurrences in pyrite
  20. Letter
  21. Synthesis and structural analysis of CaFe2O4-type single crystals in the NaAlSiO4-MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 system
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8142
Keywords for this article
Sulfur and lead isotopes; trace element chemistry; porphyry Mo deposits; magma and fluid evolution; metal source and enrichment

Articles in the same Issue

  1. MSA Review
  2. Nickel in olivine as an exploration indicator for magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: A data review and re-evaluation
  3. Repeat, fast, and high-resolution mapping of fine-scale trace element distribution in pyrite and marcasite by LA-Q-ICP-MS with the Aerosol Rapid Introduction System (ARIS)
  4. Continuous Be mineralization from two-mica granite to pegmatite: Critical element enrichment processes in a Himalayan leucogranite pluton
  5. An evolutionary system of mineralogy, Part VI: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust (>4370 Ma)
  6. Oxidation or cation re-arrangement? Distinct behavior of riebeckite at high temperature
  7. Fe3+/FeT ratios of amphiboles determined by high spatial resolution single-crystal synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy
  8. How clay delamination supports aseismic slip
  9. The influence of Al2O3 on the structural properties of MgSiO3 akimotoite
  10. Atomistic insight into the ferroelastic post-stishovite transition by high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  11. Epidote as a conveyor of water into the Earth’s deep mantle in subduction zones: Insights from coupled high-pressure and high-temperature experiments
  12. Potential link between antigorite dehydration and shallow intermediate-depth earthquakes in hot subduction zones
  13. Stability of Fe5O6 and its relation to other Fe-Mg-oxides at high pressures and temperatures
  14. From schwertmannite to natrojarosite: Long-term stability and kinetic approach
  15. Trace element and isotopic (S, Pb) constraints on the formation of the giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit, NE China
  16. Textural and chemical evolution of magnetite from the Paleozoic Shuanglong Fe-Cu deposit: Implications for tracing ore-forming fluids
  17. Jingwenite-(Y) from the Yushui Cu deposit, South China: The first occurrence of a V-HREE-bearing silicate mineral
  18. Wenjiite, Ti10(Si,P,◻)7, and kangjinlaite, Ti11(Si,P)10, new minerals in the ternary Ti-P-Si system from the Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet, China
  19. Evaluating the physicochemical conditions for gold occurrences in pyrite
  20. Letter
  21. Synthesis and structural analysis of CaFe2O4-type single crystals in the NaAlSiO4-MgAl2O4-Fe3O4 system
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