A structural study of size-dependent lattice variation: In situ X-ray diffraction of the growth of goethite nanoparticles from 2-line ferrihydrite

References cited

Ahmad, M.I., and Bhattacharya, S.S. (2009) Size effect on the lattice parameters of nanocrystalline anatase. Applied Physics Letters, 95, 191906 (3 pp).10.1063/1.3261754Suche in Google Scholar

Ardizzone, S., and Formaro, L. (1985) Hydrothermal preparation of goethite crystals. Surface Technology, 26, 269–274.10.1016/0376-4583(85)90124-4Suche in Google Scholar

Avrami, M. (1939) Kinetics of phase change: I General Theory. Journal of Chemical Physics, 7, 1103–1112.10.1063/1.1750380Suche in Google Scholar

Avrami, M. (1940) Kinetics of phase change: II Transformation-time relations of random distribution of nuclei. Journal of Chemical Physics, 8, 212–224.10.1063/1.1750631Suche in Google Scholar

Ayyub, P. (1998) Structure-property relations in oxide nanoparticles. In V. Kumar, S. Sengupta, and B. Raj, Eds., Frontiers in Materials Modelling and Design, pp. 228–235. Springer, Berlin.10.1007/978-3-642-80478-6_23Suche in Google Scholar

Ayyub, P., Multani, M., Barma, M., Palkar, V.R., and Vijayaraghavan, R. (1988) Size-induced structural phase transitions and hyperfine properties of microcrystalline Fe₂O₃. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 21, 2229–2245.10.1088/0022-3719/21/11/014Suche in Google Scholar

Ayyub, P., Palkar, V.R., Chattopadhyay, S., and Multani, M. (1995) Effect of crystal size reduction on lattice symmetry and cooperative properties. Physical Review B, 51, 6135–6138.10.1103/PhysRevB.51.6135Suche in Google Scholar

Baldinozzi, G., Simeone, D., Gosset, D., and Dutheil, M. (2003) Neutron diffraction study of the size-induced tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition in zirconia nanocrystals. Physical Review Letters, 90, 216103 (4 pp).10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.216103Suche in Google Scholar

Bhowmik, R.N., Ranganathan, R., and Nagarajan, R. (2006) Lattice expansion and noncollinear to collinear ferrimagnetic order in a MnCr₂O₄ nanoparticle. Physical Review B, 73, 144413 (9 pp).10.1103/PhysRevB.73.144413Suche in Google Scholar

Blesa, M.A., and Matijević, E. (1989) Phase transformations of iron oxides, oxohydroxides, and hydrous oxides in aqueous media. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 29, 173–221.10.1016/0001-8686(89)80009-0Suche in Google Scholar

Borchert, H., Shevchenko, E.V., Robert, A., Mekis, I., Kornowski, A., Grübel, G., and Weller, H. (2005) Determination of nanocrystal sizes: A comparison of TEM, SAXS, and XRD studies of highly monodisperse CoPt₃ particles. Langmuir, 21, 1931–1936.10.1021/la0477183Suche in Google Scholar

Boswell, F.W.C. (1951) Precise determination of lattice constants by electron diffraction and variations in the lattice constants of very small crystallites. Proceedings of the Physical Society, Section A, 64, 465.10.1088/0370-1298/64/5/305Suche in Google Scholar

Burleson, D.J., and Penn, R.L. (2006) Two-step growth of goethite from ferrihydrite. Langmuir, 22, 402–409.10.1021/la051883gSuche in Google Scholar

Carlson, L., Bigham, J.M., Schwertmann, U., Kyek, A., and Wagner, F. (2002) Scavenging of As from acid mine drainage by schwertmannite and ferrihydrite: a comparison with synthetic analogues. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1712–1719.10.1021/es0110271Suche in Google Scholar

Chen, L., Fleming, P., Morris, V., Holmes, J.D., and Morris, M.A. (2010) Size-related lattice parameter changes and surface defects in ceria nanocrystals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114, 12909–12919.10.1021/jp1031465Suche in Google Scholar

Chen, S.A., Heaney, P.J., Kubicki, J.D., and Post, J.E. (2018) A time-resolved synchrotron X‑ray diffraction study of the transformation from ferrihydrite to goethite and hematite. Abstracts of the 2018 Goldschmidt Conference.Suche in Google Scholar

Choi, C.J., Tolochko, O., and Kim, B.K. (2002) Preparation of iron nanoparticles by chemical vapor condensation. Materials Letters, 56, 289–294.10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00457-3Suche in Google Scholar

Cimino, A., Porta, P., and Valigi, M. (1966) Dependence of the lattice parameter of magnesium oxide on crystallite size. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 49, 152–156.10.1111/j.1151-2916.1966.tb15394.xSuche in Google Scholar

Cocozza, C., Tsao, C.C., Cheah, S.F., Kraemer, S.M., Raymond, K.N., Miano, T.M., and Sposito, G. (2002) Temperature dependence of goethite dissolution promoted by trihydroxamate siderophores. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 431–438.10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00780-3Suche in Google Scholar

Cornell, R.M., and Giovanoli, R. (1985) Effect of solution conditions on the proportion and morphology of goethite formed from ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 424–432.10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330508Suche in Google Scholar

Cornell, R.M. and Schwertmann, U. (2003) The iron oxides: structure, properties, reactions, occurrences, and uses. VCH Verlag, Weinheim.10.1002/3527602097Suche in Google Scholar

Cornell, R.M., Posner, A.M., and Quirk, J.P. (1976) Kinetics and mechanisms of the acid dissolution of goethite (α-FeOOH). Journal of Inorganic Nuclear Chemistry, 38, 563–567.10.1016/0022-1902(76)80305-3Suche in Google Scholar

Das, S., Hendry, M., and Essilfie-Dughan, J. (2011) Transformation of two-line ferrihydrite to goethite and hematite as a function of pH and temperature. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 268–275.10.1021/es101903ySuche in Google Scholar

Davidson, L.E., Shaw, S., and Benning, L.G. (2008) The kinetics and mechanisms of schwertmannite transformation to goethite and hematite under alkaline conditions. American Mineralogist, 93, 1326–1337.10.2138/am.2008.2761Suche in Google Scholar

Deshpande, S., Patil, S., Kuchibhatla, S.V.N.T., and Seal, S. (2005) Size dependency variation in lattice parameter and valency states in nanocrystalline cerium oxide. Applied Physics Letters, 87, 133113 (3pp).10.1063/1.2061873Suche in Google Scholar

Diehm, P.M., Ágoston, P., and Albe, K. (2012) Size-dependent lattice expansion in nanoparticles: Reality or anomaly? ChemPhysChem, 13, 2443–2454.10.1002/cphc.201200257Suche in Google Scholar

Duan, Y., and Li, J. (2004) Structure study of nickel nanoparticles. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 87, 452–454.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.06.034Suche in Google Scholar

Fan, H., Song, B., and Li, Q. (2006) Thermal behavior of goethite during transformation to hematite. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 98, 148–153.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.09.005Suche in Google Scholar

Ferris, F.G., Tazaki, K., and Fyfe, W.S. (1989) Iron oxides in acid mine drainage environments and their association with bacteria. Chemical Geology, 74, 321–330.10.1016/0009-2541(89)90041-7Suche in Google Scholar

Finch, G.I., and Fordham, S. (1936) The effect of crystal-size on lattice-dimensions. Proceedings of the Physical Society, 48, 85.10.1088/0959-5309/48/1/312Suche in Google Scholar

Finch, G.I., and Wilman, H. (1934) 163. The lattice dimensions of zinc oxide. Journal of the Chemical Society, 751–754.Suche in Google Scholar

Fukuhara, M. (2003) Lattice expansion of nanoscale compound particles. Physics Letters A, 313, 427–430.10.1016/S0375-9601(03)00793-XSuche in Google Scholar

Gilbert, B., Lu, G., and Kim, C.S. (2007) Stable cluster formation in aqueous suspensions of iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 313, 152–159.10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.038Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Goldstein, A.N., Echer, C.M., and Alivisatos, A.P. (1992) Melting in semiconductor nanocrystals. Science, 256, 1425–1427.10.1126/science.256.5062.1425Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Goss, C.J. (1987) The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the goethite to hematite transformation. Mineralogical Magazine, 51, 437–451.10.1180/minmag.1987.051.361.11Suche in Google Scholar

Gualtieri, A.F., and Venturelli, P. (1999) In situ study of the goethite-hematite phase transformation by real time synchrotron powder diffraction. American Mineralogist, 84, 895–904.10.2138/am-1999-5-624Suche in Google Scholar

Guyodo, Y., Mostrom, A., Lee Penn, R., and Banerjee, S.K. (2003) From nanodots to nanorods: Oriented aggregation and magnetic evolution of nanocrystalline goethite. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017021.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017021Suche in Google Scholar

Hailstone, R.K., DiFrancesco, A.G., Leong, J.G., Allston, T.D., and Reed, K.J. (2009) A study of lattice expansion in CeO₂ nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 15155–15159.10.1021/jp903468mSuche in Google Scholar

Heaney, P.J. (2000) Phase transformations induced by solid solution. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 39, 135–174.10.1515/9781501509155-007Suche in Google Scholar

Hochella, M.F., Lower, S.K., Maurice, P.A., Penn, R.L., Sahai, N., Sparks, D.L., and Twining, B.S. (2008) Nanominerals, mineral nanoparticles, and Earth systems. Science, 319, 1631–1635.10.1126/science.1141134Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Holzwarth, U., and Gibson, N. (2011) The Scherrer equation versus the “Debye-Scherrer equation”. Nature Nanotechnology, 6, 534.10.1038/nnano.2011.145Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Hoshina, T., Kakemoto, H., Tsurumi, T., Wada, S., and Yashima, M. (2006) Size and temperature induced phase transition behaviors of barium titanate nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Physics, 99, 054311 (8 pp).10.1063/1.2179971Suche in Google Scholar

Hummer, D.R., Heaney, P.J., and Post, J.E. (2012) In situ observations of particle size evolution during the hydrothermal crystallization of TiO₂ A time-resolved synchrotron SAXS and WAXS study. Journal of Crystal Growth, 344, 51–58.10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.01.044Suche in Google Scholar

Hyland, E.G., Sheldon, N.D., Van der Voo, R., Badgley, C., and Abrajevitch, A. (2015) A new paleoprecipitation proxy based on soil magnetic properties: Implications for expanding paleoclimate reconstructions. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 127, 975–981.10.1130/B31207.1Suche in Google Scholar

Johnson, W.A., and Mehl, R.F. (1939) Reaction kinetics in processes of nucleation and growth. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 135, 416–458.Suche in Google Scholar

Johnston, J.H., and Lewis, D.G. (1983) A detailed study of the transformation of ferrihydrite to hematite in an aqueous medium at 92 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47, 1823–1831.10.1016/0016-7037(83)90200-4Suche in Google Scholar

Kämpf, N., and Schwertmann, U. (1983) Goethite and hematite in a climosequence in southern Brazil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Geoderma, 29, 27–39.10.1016/0016-7061(83)90028-9Suche in Google Scholar

Koga, K., Ikeshoji, T., and Sugawara, K.I. (2004) Size-and temperature-dependent structural transitions in gold nanoparticles. Physical Review Letters, 92, 115507.10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.115507Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kossoy, A., Feldman, Y., Wachtel, E., Gartsman, K., Lubomirsky, I., Fleig, J., and Maier, J. (2006) On the origin of the lattice constant anomaly in nanocrystalline ceria. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 8, 1111–1115.10.1039/b513764kSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

Kuznetsov, A.Y., Machado, R., Gomes, L.S., Achete, C.A., Swamy, V., Muddle, B.C., and Prakapenka, V. (2009) Size dependence of rutile TiO₂ lattice parameters determined via simultaneous size, strain, and shape modeling. Applied Physics Letters, 94, 193117.10.1063/1.3139078Suche in Google Scholar

Kwei, G.H., Lawson, A.C., Billinge, S.J.L., and Cheong, S.W. (1993) Structures of the ferroelectric phases of barium titanate. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97, 2368–2377.10.1021/j100112a043Suche in Google Scholar

Larson, A.C., and Von Dreele, R.B. (2004) General Structure Analysis System (GSAS). Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LAUR 86-748.Suche in Google Scholar

Lennard-Jones, J.E. (1930) Note on the dependence of crystal spacing on crystal size. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: Crystalline Materials, 75, 215–216.10.1515/zkri-1930-0115Suche in Google Scholar

Lennard-Jones, J.E., and Dent, B.M. (1928) The change in lattice spacing at a crystal boundary. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 24, 92–108.10.1039/tf9282400092Suche in Google Scholar

Mays, C.W., Vermaak, J.S., and Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf, D. (1968) On surface stress and surface tension: II. Determination of the surface stress of gold. Surface Science, 12, 134–140.10.1016/0039-6028(68)90119-2Suche in Google Scholar

Michel, F.M., Barrón, V., Torrent, J., Morales, M.P., Serna, C.J., Boily, J.F., Liu, Q., Ambrosini, A., Cismasu, A.C., and Brown, G.E. (2010) Ordered ferrimagnetic form of ferrihydrite reveals links among structure, composition, and magnetism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 2787–2792.10.1073/pnas.0910170107Suche in Google Scholar

Murray, J., Kirwan, L., Loan, M., and Hodnett, B.K. (2009) In-situ synchrotron diffraction study of the hydrothermal transformation of goethite to hematite in sodium aluminate solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 95, 239–246.10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.06.007Suche in Google Scholar

Navrotsky, A. (2009) Energetics of oxide nanoparticles. Internationl Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 109, 2647–2657.10.1002/qua.21981Suche in Google Scholar

Norby, P. (1996) In-situ time resolved synchrotron powder diffraction studies of syntheses and chemical reactions. Materials Science Forum, 228-231, 147–152.10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.228-231.147Suche in Google Scholar

Panomsuwan, G., and Manuspiya, H. (2019) Correlation between size and phase structure of crystalline BaTiO₃ particles synthesized by sol-gel method. Materials Research Express, 6, 065062.10.1088/2053-1591/ab101bSuche in Google Scholar

Parise, J.B., Cahill, C.L., and Lee, Y. (2000) Dynamic powder crystallography with synchrotron X‑ray sources. Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 777–800.10.2113/gscanmin.38.4.777Suche in Google Scholar

Pawlow, P. (1909) Über die Abhängigkeit des Schmelzpunktes von der Oberflächenenergie eines festen Körpers. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, 65, 1–35.10.1515/zpch-1909-6502Suche in Google Scholar

Penn, R.L., Erbs, J.J., and Gulliver, D.M. (2006) Controlled growth of alpha-FeOOH nanorods by exploiting-oriented aggregation. Journal of Crystal Growth, 293, 1–4.10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2006.05.005Suche in Google Scholar

Perebeinos, V., Chan, S.W., and Zhang, F. (2002) ‘Madelung model’ prediction for dependence of lattice parameter on nanocrystal size. Solid State Communications, 123, 295–297.10.1016/S0038-1098(02)00266-1Suche in Google Scholar

Peterson, K.M., Heaney, P.J., Post, J.E., and Eng, P.J. (2015) A refined monoclinic structure for a variety of “hydrohematite”. American Mineralogist, 100, 570–579.10.2138/am-2015-4807Suche in Google Scholar

Peterson, K.M., Heaney, P.J., and Post, J.E. (2016) A kinetic analysis of the transformation from akaganeite to hematite: An in situ time-resolved X‑ray diffraction study. Chemical Geology, 444, 27–36.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.09.017Suche in Google Scholar

Peterson, K.M., Heaney, P.J., and Post, J.E. (2018) Evolution in the structure of akaganeite and hematite during hydrothermal growth: An in situ synchrotron X‑ray diffraction analysis. Powder Difffraction, 33, 287–297.10.1017/S0885715618000623Suche in Google Scholar

Pickup, E. (1936) Anomalous values of lattice spacings obtained by electron diffraction. Nature, 137, 1072.10.1038/1371072a0Suche in Google Scholar

Prescher, C., and Prakapenka, V.B. (2015) DIOPTAS A program for reduction of two-dimensional X‑ray diffraction data and data exploration. High Pressure Research, 35, 223–230.10.1080/08957959.2015.1059835Suche in Google Scholar

Randall, J.T., and Rooksby, H.P. (1932) Polish on metals. Nature, 129, 280–281.10.1038/129280b0Suche in Google Scholar

Rellinghaus, B., Stappert, S., Wassermann, E.F., Sauer, H., and Spliethoff, B. (2001) The effect of oxidation on the structure of nickel nanoparticles. The European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics, 16, 249–252.10.1007/s100530170103Suche in Google Scholar

Rivest, J.B., Fong, L.K., Jain, P.K., Toney, M.F., and Alivisatos, A.P. (2011) Size dependence of a temperature-induced solid–solid phase transition in copper (I) sulfide. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2, 2402–2406.10.1021/jz2010144Suche in Google Scholar

Rodenbough, P.P., Zheng, C., Liu, Y., Hui, C., Xia, Y., Ran, Z., Hu, Y., and Chan, S.W. (2017) Lattice expansion in metal oxide nanoparticles: MgO, Co₃O₄, and Fe₃O₄. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 100, 384–392.10.1111/jace.14478Suche in Google Scholar

Scherrer, P. (1918) Bestimmung der Grösse und der inneren Struktur von Kolloidteilchen mittels Röntgenstrahlen. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 98–100.10.1007/978-3-662-33915-2_7Suche in Google Scholar

Schlag, S., and Eicke, H.F. (1994) Size driven phase transition in nanocrystalline BaTiO₃. Solid State Communications, 91, 883–887.10.1016/0038-1098(94)90007-8Suche in Google Scholar

Schwertmann, U., and Cornell, R.M. (2000) Iron oxides in the laboratory. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.10.1002/9783527613229Suche in Google Scholar

Schwertmann, U., Cambier, P., and Murad, E. (1985) Properties of goethites of varying crystallinity. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 369–378.10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330501Suche in Google Scholar

Schwertmann, U., Stanjek, H., and Becher, H.H. (2004) Long-term in vitro transformation of 2-line ferrihydrite to goethite/hematite at 4, 10, 15 and 25°C. Clay Minerals, 39, 433–438.10.1180/0009855043940145Suche in Google Scholar

Sharma, V.K., Filip, J., Zboril, R., and Varma, R.S. (2015) Natural inorganic nanoparticles–formation, fate, and toxicity in the environment. Chemical Society Reviews, 44, 8410–8423.10.1039/C5CS00236BSuche in Google Scholar

Sharma, M., Murugavel, S., Shukla, D.K., and De Groot, F.M. (2018) Reversal in the lattice contraction of α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 122, 9292–9301.10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00550Suche in Google Scholar

Shaw, S., Pepper, S.E., Bryan, N.D., and Livens, F.R. (2005) The kinetics and mechanisms of goethite and hematite crystallization under alkaline conditions, and in the presence of phosphate. American Mineralogist, 90, 1852–1860.10.2138/am.2005.1757Suche in Google Scholar

Shi, C., Billinge, S.J., Puma, E., Bang, S.H., Bean, N.J., de Sugny, J.C., Gambee, R.G., Haskell, R.C., Hightower, A., and Monson, T.C. (2018) Barium titanate nanoparticles: Short-range lattice distortions with long-range cubic order. Physical Review B, 98, 085421.10.1103/PhysRevB.98.085421Suche in Google Scholar

Sidhu, P.S., Gilkes, R.J., Cornell, R.M., and Posner, A.M. (1981) Dissolution of iron oxides and oxyhydroxides in hydrochloric and perchloric acids. Clays and Clay Minerals, 29, 269–276.10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290404Suche in Google Scholar

Smith, M.B., Page, K., Siegrist, T., Redmond, P.L., Walter, E.C., Seshadri, R., Brus, L.E., and Steigerwald, M.L. (2008) Crystal structure and the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition of nanoscale BaTiO₃. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 6955–6963.10.1021/ja0758436Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Solliard, C., and Flueli, M. (1985) Surface stress and size effect on the lattice parameter in small particles of gold and platinum. Surface Science, 156, 487–494.10.1016/0039-6028(85)90610-7Suche in Google Scholar

Soltis, J.A., Feinberg, J.M., Gilbert, B., and Penn, R.L. (2016) Phase transformation and particle-mediated growth in the formation of hematite from 2-line ferrihydrite. Crystal Growth and Design, 16, 922–932.10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01471Suche in Google Scholar

Song, J., Rodenbough, P.P., Zhang, L., and Chan, S.W. (2016) Size-dependent crystal properties of nanocuprite. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 13, 389–394.10.1111/ijac.12486Suche in Google Scholar

Spanier, J.E., Robinson, R.D., Zhang, F., Chan, S.W., and Herman, I.P. (2001) Size-dependent properties of CeO_2–y nanoparticles as studied by Raman scattering. Physical Review B, 64, 245407.10.1103/PhysRevB.64.245407Suche in Google Scholar

Stemig, A.M., Do, T.A., Yuwono, V.M., Arnold, W.A., and Penn, R.L. (2014) Goethite nanoparticle aggregation: Effects of buffers, metal ions, and 4-chloronitrobenzene reduction. Environmental Science: Nano, 1, 478–487.10.1039/C3EN00063JSuche in Google Scholar

Sun, J., and Simon, S.L. (2007) The melting behavior of aluminum nanoparticles. Thermochimica Acta, 463, 32–40.10.1016/j.tca.2007.07.007Suche in Google Scholar

Sun, C., Li, H., and Chen, L. (2012) Nanostructured ceria-based materials: synthesis, properties, and applications. Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 8475–8505.10.1039/c2ee22310dSuche in Google Scholar

Szytuła, A., Burewicz, A., Dimitrijević, Ž., Kraśnicki, S., Rżany, H., Todorović, J., Wanic, A., Wolski, W. (1968) Neutron diffraction studies of α-FeOOH. Physica status solidi, 26, 429–434.10.1515/9783112496763-004Suche in Google Scholar

Takagi, M. (1954) Electron-diffraction study of liquid-solid transition of thin metal films. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 9, 359–363.10.1143/JPSJ.9.359Suche in Google Scholar

Thompson, P., Cox, D.E., and Hastings, J.B. (1987) Rietveld refinement of Debye-Scherrer synchrotron X‑ray data from Al₂O₃. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 20, 79–83.10.1107/S0021889887087090Suche in Google Scholar

Toby, B.H. (2001) EXPGUI, a graphical user interface for GSAS. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 34, 210–213.10.1107/S0021889801002242Suche in Google Scholar

Tolbert, S.H., and Alivisatos, A.P. (1994) Size dependence of a first order solid-solid phase transition: The wurtzite to rock salt transformation in CdSe nanocrystals. Science, 265, 373–376.10.1126/science.265.5170.373Suche in Google Scholar

Trovarelli, A., and Llorca, J. (2017) Ceria catalysts at nanoscale: how do crystal shapes shape catalysis? ACS Catalysis, 7, 4716–4735.10.1021/acscatal.7b01246Suche in Google Scholar

Tsunekawa, S., Sahara, R., Kawazoe, Y., and Ishikawa, K. (1999) Lattice relaxation of monosize CeO_2–x nanocrystalline particles. Applied Surface Science, 152, 53–56.10.1016/S0169-4332(99)00298-6Suche in Google Scholar

Tsunekawa, S., Ito, S., Mori, T., Ishikawa, K., Li, Z.Q., and Kawazoe, Y. (2000) Critical size and anomalous lattice expansion in nanocrystalline BaTiO₃ particles. Physical Review B, 62, 3065.10.1103/PhysRevB.62.3065Suche in Google Scholar

Walter, D., Buxbaum, G., and Laqua, W. (2001) The mechanism of the thermal transformation from goethite to hematite. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 63, 733–748.10.1023/A:1010187921227Suche in Google Scholar

Wasserman, H.J., and Vermaak, J.S. (1970) On the determination of a lattice contraction in very small silver particles. Surface Science, 22, 164–172.10.1016/0039-6028(70)90031-2Suche in Google Scholar

Wasserman, H.J., and Vermaak, J.S. (1972) On the determination of the surface stress of copper and platinum. Surface Science, 32, 168–174.10.1016/0039-6028(72)90127-6Suche in Google Scholar

Waychunas, G.A., Kim, C.S., and Banfield, J.F. (2005) Nanoparticulate iron oxide minerals in soils and sediments: unique properties and contaminant scavenging mechanisms. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 7, 409–433.10.1007/s11051-005-6931-xSuche in Google Scholar

Wu, L., Wiesmann, H.J., Moodenbaugh, A.R., Klie, R.F., Zhu, Y., Welch, D.O., and Suenaga, M. (2004) Oxidation state and lattice expansion of CeO_2–x nanoparticles as a function of particle size. Physical Review B, 69, 125415.10.1103/PhysRevB.69.125415Suche in Google Scholar

Yee, N., Shaw, S., Benning, L.G., and Nguyen, T.H. (2006) The rate of ferrihydrite transformation to goethite via the Fe (II) pathway. American Mineralogist, 91, 92–96.10.2138/am.2006.1860Suche in Google Scholar

Zhang, F., Chan, S.W., Spanier, J.E., Apak, E., Jin, Q., Robinson, R.D., and Herman, I.P. (2002) Cerium oxide nanoparticles: size-selective formation and structure analysis. Applied Physics Letters, 80, 127–129.10.1063/1.1430502Suche in Google Scholar