Home Physical Sciences Formation of native arsenic in hydrothermal base metal deposits and related supergene U6+ enrichment: The Michael vein near Lahr, SW Germany
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Formation of native arsenic in hydrothermal base metal deposits and related supergene U6+ enrichment: The Michael vein near Lahr, SW Germany

  • Manuel Scharrer ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Katharina Sandritter , Benjamin F. Walter , Udo Neumann and Gregor Markl
Published/Copyright: April 29, 2020
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 105 Issue 5

Abstract

Native arsenic is an occasional ore mineral in some hydrothermal base metal deposits. Its rarity (compared to pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, or chalcopyrite, for example) is surprising, as arsenic is a common constituent of upper crustal fluids. Hence, the conditions of formation must be quite special to precipitate native arsenic. An ideal location to investigate the formation of native As and to explore the parameters constraining its crystallization is the Michael vein near Lahr, Schwarzwald, southwest (SW) Germany. Here, galena, sphalerite, and native arsenic are the most abundant ore minerals. The two important ore stages comprise (1) galena-barite and (2) sphalerite-native arsenicquartz, the latter with a general mineral succession of pyrite → sphalerite ± jordanite-gratonite solid solution → galena → native As. The native arsenic-bearing mineralization formed by cooling of an at least 130 °C hot saline fluid accompanied by a reduction due to the admixing of a sulfide-bearing fluid.

Thermodynamic calculations reveal that for the formation of native arsenic, reduced conditions in combination with very low concentrations of the transition metals Fe, Co, and Ni, as well as low sulfide concentrations, are essential. “Typical” hydrothermal fluids do not fulfill these criteria, as they typically can contain significant amounts of Fe and sulfide. This results in the formation of arsenides, sulfarsenides, or As-bearing sulfides instead of native arsenic. Very minor amounts of pyrite, sulfarsenides, and arsenides record the very low concentrations of Fe, Co, and Ni present in the oreforming fluid. High concentrations of aqueous Zn and Pb lead to early saturation of sphalerite and galena that promoted native arsenic precipitation by decreasing the availability of sulfide and hence suppressing realgar formation.

Interestingly, native arsenic in the Michael vein acted as a trap for uranium during supergene weathering processes. Infiltrating oxidizing, U+VI-bearing fluids from the host lithologies reacted under ambient conditions with galena and native arsenic, forming a variety of U+VI (±Pb)-bearing arsenates such as hügelite, hallimondite, zeunerite, heinrichite, or novacekite together with U-free minerals like mimetite or anglesite. Some parts of the vein were enriched to U concentrations of up to 1 wt% by this supergene process. Reduced (hypogene) uranium phases like uraninite were never observed.

Keywords: Native arsenic; jordanite-gratonite; hydrothermal; base metal; uranylarsenates; hallimondite

† Present address: Institute for Applied Geoscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20b, D-76313 Karlsruhe, Germany.

Acknowledgments and Funding

We thankfully acknowledge Manfred Martin and the Landesamt für Geologie, Rohstoffe und Bergbau (LRGB) for providing unique and historic samples from the Geological Survey of Baden-Württemberg. Furthermore, we thank Tatjana Epp and Thomas Wenzel for beneficial feedback on textural and genetic interpretations. An anonymous reviewer and associate editor Thomas Mueller are thanked for constructive feedback. Moreover, we thank Simone Schafflick and Per Jeiseke for sample preparation. A significant part of this research was achieved due to the DFG grant MA 2135/25-1.

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Received: 2019-03-21
Accepted: 2019-11-24
Published Online: 2020-04-29
Published in Print: 2020-05-26

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Texture constraints on crystal size distribution methodology: An application to the Laki fissure eruption
  2. Hydrogenation reactions of carbon on Earth: Linking methane, margarine, and life
  3. Abiotic and biotic processes that drive carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions
  4. In-situ measurements of magmatic volatile elements, F, S, and Cl, by electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis
  5. MSA Centennial Symposium
  6. An evolutionary system of mineralogy. Part I: Stellar mineralogy (>13 to 4.6 Ga)
  7. A structural study of size-dependent lattice variation: In situ X-ray diffraction of the growth of goethite nanoparticles from 2-line ferrihydrite
  8. Cassiterite crystallization experiments in alkali carbonate aqueous solutions using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell
  9. New insights into the nature of glauconite
  10. Kaolinization of 2:1 type clay minerals with different swelling properties
  11. The quintet completed: The partitioning of sulfur between nominally volatile-free minerals and silicate melts
  12. 222Rn and 220Rn emanations from powdered samples of samarskite as a function of annealing temperature
  13. Polymerization during melting of ortho- and meta-silicates: Effects on Q species stability, heats of fusion, and redox state of mid-ocean range basalts (MORBs)
  14. Formation of native arsenic in hydrothermal base metal deposits and related supergene U6+ enrichment: The Michael vein near Lahr, SW Germany
  15. Lingbaoite, AgTe3, a new silver telluride from the Xiaoqinling gold district, central China
  16. Oxygen isotope fractionation between gypsum and its formation waters: Implications for past chemistry of the Kawah Ijen volcanic lake, Indonesia
  17. Presentation of the 2018 MSA Award of the Mineralogical Society of America to Laura Nielsen Lammers
  18. Acceptance of the 2018 MSA Award of the Mineralogical Society of America
  19. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2019 to Matthew J. Kohn
  20. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2019
  21. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2019 to Olivier Namur
  22. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2019
  23. Presentation of the 2019 MSA Distinguished Public Service Medal to Rodney C. Ewing
  24. Acceptance of Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2019
  25. Presentation of the 2019 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Peter R. Buseck
  26. Acceptance of the 2019 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  27. Erratum
  28. Erratum
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7062
Keywords for this article
Native arsenic; jordanite-gratonite; hydrothermal; base metal; uranylarsenates; hallimondite

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Texture constraints on crystal size distribution methodology: An application to the Laki fissure eruption
  2. Hydrogenation reactions of carbon on Earth: Linking methane, margarine, and life
  3. Abiotic and biotic processes that drive carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions
  4. In-situ measurements of magmatic volatile elements, F, S, and Cl, by electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and heavy ion elastic recoil detection analysis
  5. MSA Centennial Symposium
  6. An evolutionary system of mineralogy. Part I: Stellar mineralogy (>13 to 4.6 Ga)
  7. A structural study of size-dependent lattice variation: In situ X-ray diffraction of the growth of goethite nanoparticles from 2-line ferrihydrite
  8. Cassiterite crystallization experiments in alkali carbonate aqueous solutions using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell
  9. New insights into the nature of glauconite
  10. Kaolinization of 2:1 type clay minerals with different swelling properties
  11. The quintet completed: The partitioning of sulfur between nominally volatile-free minerals and silicate melts
  12. 222Rn and 220Rn emanations from powdered samples of samarskite as a function of annealing temperature
  13. Polymerization during melting of ortho- and meta-silicates: Effects on Q species stability, heats of fusion, and redox state of mid-ocean range basalts (MORBs)
  14. Formation of native arsenic in hydrothermal base metal deposits and related supergene U6+ enrichment: The Michael vein near Lahr, SW Germany
  15. Lingbaoite, AgTe3, a new silver telluride from the Xiaoqinling gold district, central China
  16. Oxygen isotope fractionation between gypsum and its formation waters: Implications for past chemistry of the Kawah Ijen volcanic lake, Indonesia
  17. Presentation of the 2018 MSA Award of the Mineralogical Society of America to Laura Nielsen Lammers
  18. Acceptance of the 2018 MSA Award of the Mineralogical Society of America
  19. Presentation of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2019 to Matthew J. Kohn
  20. Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2019
  21. Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2019 to Olivier Namur
  22. Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2019
  23. Presentation of the 2019 MSA Distinguished Public Service Medal to Rodney C. Ewing
  24. Acceptance of Distinguished Public Service Award of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2019
  25. Presentation of the 2019 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America to Peter R. Buseck
  26. Acceptance of the 2019 Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America
  27. Erratum
  28. Erratum
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