Analysis and visualization of vanadium mineral diversity and distribution
-
Chao Liu
, Ahmed Eleish
, Grethe Hystad , Joshua J. Golden , Robert T. Downs , Shaunna M. Morrison , Daniel R. Hummer , Jolyon P. Ralph , Peter Fox und Robert M. Hazen
Abstract
We employ large mineralogical data resources to investigate the diversity and spatial distribution of vanadium minerals. Data for 219 approved species (http://http://rruff.info/ima, as of April 15, 2016), representing 5437 mineral species-locality pairs (http://http://mindat.org and other sources, as of April 15, 2016), facilitate statistical evaluation and network analysis of these vanadium minerals. V minerals form a sparse, moderately centralized and transitive network, and they cluster into at least seven groups, each of which indicates distinct paragenetic process. In addition, we construct the V mineral-locality bipartite network to reveal mineral diversity at each locality. It shows that only a few V minerals occur at more than three localities, while most minerals occur at one or two localities, conforming to a Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) distribution. We apply the LNRE model to predict that at least 307 ± 30 (1σ) vanadium minerals exist in Earth’s crust today, indicating that at least 88 species have yet to be discovered—a minimum estimate because it assumes that new minerals will be found only using the same methods as in the past. Numerous additional vanadium minerals likely await discovery using micro-analytical methods. By applying LNRE models to subsets of V minerals, we speculate that most new vanadium minerals are to be discovered in sedimentary or hydrothermal non-U-V ore deposits other than igneous or metamorphic rocks/ore deposits.
Acknowledgments
This manuscript is greatly benefited from thorough reviews from Michael Schindler and Sergey Krivovichev. We are also grateful for Fernando Colombo’s reviewing and handling the manuscript. This work was supported in part by the Deep Carbon Observatory, the Alfred P Sloan Foundation, the W.M. Keck Foundation, a private foundation, NASA, and the Carnegie Institution for Science for support of mineral evolution and ecology research.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Highlights and Breakthroughs
- Biosilica: Structure, function, science, technology, and inspiration
- Gypsum, bassanite, and anhydrite at Gale crater, Mars
- Redox-induced nucleation and growth of goethite on synthetic hematite nanoparticles
- Effect of alkalinity on sulfur concentration at sulfide saturation in hydrous basaltic andesite to shoshonite melts at 1270 °C and 1 GPa
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- Experimental investigation of basalt and peridotite oxybarometers: Implications for spinel thermodynamic models and Fe3+ compatibility during generation of upper mantle melts
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- On the relative timing of listwaenite formation and chromian spinel equilibration in serpentinites
- The dynamics of Fe oxidation in riebeckite: A model for amphiboles
- AMFORM, a new mass-based model for the calculation of the unit formula of amphiboles from electron microprobe analyses
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