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Kalistrontite, its occurrence, structure, genesis, and significance for the evolution of potash deposits in North Yorkshire, U.K.

  • Simon J. Kemp EMAIL logo , Jeremy C. Rushton , Matthew S.A. Horstwood and Gwilherm Nénert
Published/Copyright: July 2, 2018
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 103 Issue 7

Abstract

The rare mineral kalistrontite, K2Sr(SO4)2, has been discovered in exceptional quantities in exploration boreholes targeting Permian polyhalite [K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2(H2O)]-bearing evaporite deposits in North Yorkshire, U.K. The kalistrontite is associated with anhydrite, polyhalite, halite, magnesite, and traces of celestine in the Fordon (Evaporite) Formation, English Zechstein 2 cycle, at depths of ~1.5 to 1.7 km below surface. It was first encountered here during quantitative X-ray diffraction assays of composited drill-core samples over an identified ~50 m interval in York Potash Ltd.’s boreholes SM6, SM9, and deflections SM9A and 9B.

X-ray diffraction including structural refinement, thermal analysis, Raman spectroscopy, petrographic examination, quantitative microanalysis, and Sr isotopic analysis have been employed to fully characterize the kalistrontite and determine its genesis to understand its distribution and significance for the polyhalite deposits.

Petrographic examination reveals that the kalistrontite is present in two general forms. First as irregularly shaped, poikilotopic millimeter-scale patches of subhedral, equant to elongate millimeter-scale crystals that enclose fine, rounded, irregular anhedral and rarely euhedral crystals of anhydrite, halite, and magnesite. Second as a vein-fill formed of an interlocking mosaic of elongate sub-millimeter scale, euhedral crystals that are compositionally zoned and again enclose fine rounded anhydrite and halite crystals at vein margins. Kalistrontite displays largely replacive contact relationships with both the earlier and generally simultaneously formed anhydrite and halite but before at least some of the polyhalite. Vein-fill kalistrontite was deposited by mineralizing fluids proceeding along fractures, patchily replacing the pre-existing low-porosity anhydrite and halite. EDX microanalysis of the North Yorkshire kalistrontite indicates a purer composition than previously reported but some (5–12% stoichiometric) substitution of Ca for Sr is identified and directly linked to petrographic textures identified during backscattered scanning electron imaging.

Improved resolution XRD data for the kalistrontite is comparable to that previously published, with similar unit-cell dimensions [a = 5.45826(5) Å, c = 20.8118(2) Å, α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°, V = 536.968(3) Å3] and space group R3m (166), despite the limited Ca substitution for Sr. Thermal behavior, published for the first time, shows that kalistrontite is essentially stable from ambient to ~960 °C. Melting occurs from ~960 to 1430 °C with a resulting weight loss of 62.57%, accompanied by the evolution of SO2. Minor endothermic features are tentatively ascribed to the boiling of K from surface sites.

The first published Raman spectrum for kalistrontite shows a major frequency shift at 968 cm–1 with minor features of decreasing intensity at 458, 617, 1095, 1152, 650, 170, and 127 cm–1.

Consistent 87Sr/86Sr values for kalistrontite and anhydrite (mean, 0.707014 ± 0.000010, 2 S.E. and 0.707033 ± 0.000020, 2 S.E., respectively) along with very similar values obtained for the polyhalite are indicative of Late Permian seawater in an open environment with very limited evidence of basin constriction or Sr contribution from hydrothermal or meteoric source(s). When compared to the LOWESS global curve, the 87Sr/86Sr values suggest a consistent formation date of 255 ± 2 Ma (late Wuchiapingian), the first published date for the EZ2 deposits in North Yorkshire.

Diagenetic processes, particularly the late-stage supply of K- and Sr-rich fluid, must have proceeded extensively in the North Yorkshire deposits. However these show only limited spatial development, within the shelf zone on the margins of the main polyhalite deposit.

The K-rich nature (26.3 wt% K2O) of kalistrontite, compared to other K-bearing evaporite minerals (e.g., kainite 18.9 wt% K2O, carnallite 17.0 wt% K2O, polyhalite 15.6 wt% K2O), has a significant effect on borehole γ-ray response (303 compared to 229, 200, and 185 API units, respectively) and therefore considerable implications for evaporite deposit modeling and the determination of deposit-grade.

Understanding the character and distribution of kalistrontite is necessary for modeling the nature, extent, and grade of the world’s richest-known deposit of polyhalite. York Potash Ltd. has recently commenced construction of the $3.0 bn Woodsmith Mine to support large-scale polyhalite production, promising the creation of thousands of jobs and a boost to both local and national economies. First production is scheduled for late 2021.

Keywords: Kalistrontite; North Yorkshire; evaporite; Permian; Zechstein; X-ray diffraction; petrography; Sr isotope

Acknowledgments

The work presented in this paper stemmed from the initial characterization of the York Potash deposit that involved the work of an extensive project team at the British Geological Survey, FWS Consultants, and York Potash Ltd., and their efforts are gratefully acknowledged. The authors also express their gratitude to York Potash Ltd. for permission to publish this paper. John Fletcher (BGS) is thanked for the preparation of the polished thin sections and Ian Mounteney (BGS) for assistance with mineral separation. Graham Rance (Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham) is thanked for facilitating the Raman spectroscopy. We thank Rick Smith, Javier Garcia Veigas, Tadeusz Peryt, and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments that considerably improved this paper. S.K., J.R., and M.H. publish with the permission of the Executive Director, British Geological Survey (NERC).

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Received: 2017-05-16
Accepted: 2018-03-09
Published Online: 2018-07-02
Published in Print: 2018-07-26

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6194
Keywords for this article
Kalistrontite; North Yorkshire; evaporite; Permian; Zechstein; X-ray diffraction; petrography; Sr isotope

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