Home Towards Low-Toxic Colloidal Quantum Dots
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Towards Low-Toxic Colloidal Quantum Dots

  • Youngjin Jang , Arthur Shapiro , Faris Horani , Yaron Kauffmann and Efrat Lifshitz EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 30, 2018
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
From the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie Volume 232 Issue 9-11

Abstract

Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are of enormous interest in the scientific and engineering fields. During the past few decades, significant efforts have been conducted in investigating Cd- and Pb-based CQDs, resulting in excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties and impressive performance in various applications. But the high toxicity of Cd and Pb elements pushed the scientific community to explore low-toxic CQDs excluding poisonous heavy metals. Several semiconductor materials with lower toxicity than Cd and Pb species have been proposed. This article presents a short overview of recent efforts involving low-toxic CQDs, focusing especially on IV–VI and III–V semiconductors which are active in the near- and short-wave-infrared (IR) regimes. Recent achievements pertinent to Sn- and In-based CQDs are highlighted as representative examples. Finally, limitations and future challenges are discussed in the review.

Keywords: colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals; core/shell heterostructures; low-toxic; quantum dots

Acknowledgements

This authors acknowledge the financial support from the Israel Council for Higher Education-Focal Area Technology (Project No. 872967), the Volkswagen Stiftung (Project No. 88116), the Israel Ministry of Defense (Project No. 4440827018), the Israel Ministry of Trade (Maymad Project No. 54662), the Israel Science Foundation Bikura (Project No. 1508/14), the Israel Science Foundation (Project No. 985/11 and 914/15), the Niedersachsen-Deutsche Technion Gesellschaft E.V. (Project No. ZN2916) and the European Commission via the Marie-Sklodowska Curie action Phonsi (Project No. H2020-MSCAITN-642656).

References

1. A. Eychmüller, J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000) 6514.10.1021/jp9943676Search in Google Scholar

2. E. Lifshitz, A. Eychmüller, J. Cluster Sci. 18 (2006) 5.10.1007/s10876-006-0102-9Search in Google Scholar

3. A. L. Rogach, A. Eychmüller, S. G. Hickey, S. V. Kershaw, Small 3 (2007) 536.10.1002/smll.200600625Search in Google Scholar PubMed

4. D. V. Talapin, J.-S. Lee, M. V. Kovalenko, E. V. Shevchenko, Chem. Rev. 110 (2010) 389.10.1021/cr900137kSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

5. C. R. Kagan, E. Lifshitz, E. H. Sargent, D. V. Talapin, Science 353 (2016) aac5523.10.1126/science.aac5523Search in Google Scholar PubMed

6. A. J. Nozik, Physica E 14 (2002) 115.10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00374-0Search in Google Scholar

7. J. Tang, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 23 (2011) 12.10.1002/adma.201190042Search in Google Scholar

8. O. E. Semonin, J. M. Luther, M. C. Beard, Mater. Today 15 (2012) 508.10.1016/S1369-7021(12)70220-1Search in Google Scholar

9. P. V. Kamat, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 (2013) 908.10.1021/jz400052eSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Q. Sun, Y. A. Wang, L. S. Li, D. Wang, T. Zhu, J. Xu, C. Yang, Y. Li, Nat. Photonics 1 (2007) 717.10.1038/nphoton.2007.226Search in Google Scholar

11. J. M. Caruge, J. E. Halpert, V. Wood, V. Bulović, M. G. Bawendi, Nat. Photonics 2 (2008) 247.10.1038/nphoton.2008.34Search in Google Scholar

12. X. Dai, Z. Zhang, Y. Jin, Y. Niu, H. Cao, X. Liang, L. Chen, J. Wang, X. Peng, Nature 515 (2014) 96.10.1038/nature13829Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. R. C. Somers, M. G. Bawendi, D. G. Nocera, Chem. Soc. Rev. 36 (2007) 579.10.1039/b517613cSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Q. Ma, X. Su, Analyst 136 (2011) 4883.10.1039/c1an15741hSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

15. R. E. Bailey, A. M. Smith, S. Nie, Physica E 25 (2004) 1.10.1016/j.physe.2004.07.013Search in Google Scholar

16. A. P. Alivisatos, Nat. Biotechnol. 22 (2004) 47.10.1038/nbt927Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. I. L. Medintz, H. T. Uyeda, E. R. Goldman, H. Mattoussi, Nat. Mater. 4 (2005) 435.10.1038/nmat1390Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. W. W. Yu, L. Qu, W. Guo, X. Peng, Chem. Mater. 15 (2003) 2854.10.1021/cm034081kSearch in Google Scholar

19. H. Fu, S.-W. Tsang, Nanoscale 4 (2012) 2187.10.1039/c2nr11836jSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

20. V. Sayevich, N. Gaponik, M. Plötner, M. Kruszynska, T. Gemming, V. M. Dzhagan, S. Akhavan, D. R. T. Zahn, H. V. Demir, A. Eychmüller, Chem. Mater. 27 (2015) 4328.10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00793Search in Google Scholar

21. V. Sayevich, C. Guhrenz, M. Sin, V. M. Dzhagan, A. Weiz, D. Kasemann, E. Brunner, M. Ruck, D. R. T. Zahn, K. Leo, N. Gaponik, A. Eychmüller, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 (2016) 2163.10.1002/adfm.201504767Search in Google Scholar

22. A. Navas-Acien, E. Selvin, A. R. Sharrett, E. Calderon-Aranda, E. Silbergeld, E. Guallar, Circulation 109 (2004) 3196.10.1161/01.CIR.0000130848.18636.B2Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. J. Geys, A. Nemmar, E. Verbeken, E. Smolders, M. Ratoi, M. F. Hoylaerts, B. Nemery, P. H. Hoet, Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (2008) 1607.10.1289/ehp.11566Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. P. C. Ray, H. Yu, P. P. Fu, J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev. 27 (2009) 1.10.1080/10590500802708267Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

25. P. N. Wiecinski, K. M. Metz, A. N. Mangham, K. H. Jacobson, R. J. Hamers, J. A. Pedersen, Nanotoxicology 3 (2009) 202.10.1080/17435390902859556Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

26. O. I. Micic, J. R. Sprague, C. J. Curtis, K. M. Jones, J. L. Machol, A. J. Nozik, H. Giessen, B. Fluegel, G. Mohs, N. Peyghambarian, J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 7754.10.1021/j100019a063Search in Google Scholar

27. L. Li, P. Reiss, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 11588.10.1021/ja803687eSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

28. C. Steinhagen, V. A. Akhavan, B. W. Goodfellow, M. G. Panthani, J. T. Harris, V. C. Holmberg, B. A. Korgel, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3 (2011) 1781.10.1021/am200334dSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

29. J. Y. Kim, J. Yang, J. H. Yu, W. Baek, C. H. Lee, H. J. Son, T. Hyeon, M. J. Ko, ACS Nano 9 (2015) 11286.10.1021/acsnano.5b04917Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. J. Kolny-Olesiak, H. Weller, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 (2013) 12221.10.1021/am404084dSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

31. P. Reiss, M. Carriere, C. Lincheneau, L. Vaure, S. Tamang, Chem. Rev. 116 (2016) 10731.10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00116Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. C. Coughlan, M. Ibanez, O. Dobrozhan, A. Singh, A. Cabot, K. M. Ryan, Chem. Rev. 117 (2017) 5865.10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00376Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. D. J. Lewis, P. Kevin, O. Bakr, C. A. Muryn, M. A. Malik, P. O’Brien, Inorg. Chem. Front. 1 (2014) 577.10.1039/C4QI00059ESearch in Google Scholar

34. M. V. Kovalenko, W. Heiss, E. V. Shevchenko, J.-S. Lee, H. Schwinghammer, A. P. Alivisatos, D. V. Talapin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 (2007) 11354.10.1021/ja074481zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

35. J. Ning, K. Men, G. Xiao, L. Wang, Q. Dai, B. Zou, B. Liu, G. Zou, Nanoscale 2 (2010) 1699.10.1039/c0nr00052cSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

36. M. A. Franzman, C. W. Schlenker, M. E. Thompson, R. L. Brutchey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 4060.10.1021/ja100249mSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

37. S. Guo, A. F. Fidler, K. He, D. Su, G. Chen, Q. Lin, J. M. Pietryga, V. I. Klimov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 15074.10.1021/jacs.5b09490Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. S. G. Hickey, C. Waurisch, B. Rellinghaus, A. Eychmüller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 14978.10.1021/ja8048755Search in Google Scholar PubMed

39. A. J. Biacchi, D. D. Vaughn, R. E. Schaak, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013) 11634.10.1021/ja405203eSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

40. A. de Kergommeaux, M. Lopez-Haro, S. Pouget, J. M. Zuo, C. Lebrun, F. Chandezon, D. Aldakov, P. Reiss, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) 9943.10.1021/jacs.5b05576Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. W. J. Baumgardner, J. J. Choi, Y. F. Lim, T. Hanrath, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 9519.10.1021/ja1013745Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. D. D. Vaughn II, S. I. In, R. E. Schaak, ACS Nano 5 (2011) 8852.10.1021/nn203009vSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

43. X. Liu, Y. Li, B. Zhou, X. Wang, A. N. Cartwright, M. T. Swihart, Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 3515.10.1021/cm501023wSearch in Google Scholar

44. Y. Jang, D. Yanover, R. K. Capek, A. Shapiro, N. Grumbach, Y. Kauffmann, A. Sashchiuk, E. Lifshitz, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7 (2016) 2602.10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00995Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. S. Sugai, K. Murase, H. Kawamura, Solid State Commun. 23 (1977) 127.10.1016/0038-1098(77)90665-2Search in Google Scholar

46. T. Shimada, K. L. I. Kobayashi, Y. Katayama, K. F. Komatsubara, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39 (1977) 143.10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.143Search in Google Scholar

47. C. An, K. Tang, B. Hai, G. Shen, C. Wang, Y. Qian, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 6 (2003) 181.10.1016/S1387-7003(02)00707-4Search in Google Scholar

48. I. H. Campbell, P. M. Fauchet, Solid State Commun. 58 (1986) 739.10.1016/0038-1098(86)90513-2Search in Google Scholar

49. J. Habinshuti, O. Kilian, O. Cristini-Robbe, A. Sashchiuk, A. Addad, S. Turrell, E. Lifshitz, B. Grandidier, L. Wirtz, Phys. Rev. B 88 (2013) 115313.10.1103/PhysRevB.88.115313Search in Google Scholar

50. A. de Kergommeaux, J. Faure-Vincent, A. Pron, R. de Bettignies, B. Malaman, P. Reiss, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 11659.10.1021/ja3033313Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. K. Lambert, B. D. Geyter, I. Moreels, Z. Hens, Chem. Mater. 21 (2009) 778.10.1021/cm8029399Search in Google Scholar

52. J. He, J. Xu, G. Liu, X. Tan, H. Shao, Z. Liu, J. Xu, J. Jiang, H. Jiang, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 59379.10.1039/C5RA08542JSearch in Google Scholar

53. H. Mehrer, N. Stolica, N. Stolwijk, Diffusion in Solid Metals and Alloys. Landolt-Börnstein – Group III Condensed Matter, ed. H. Mehrer, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, (1990).Search in Google Scholar

54. T. Mokari, A. Aharoni, I. Popov, U. Banin, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (2006) 8001.10.1002/anie.200602559Search in Google Scholar PubMed

55. A. Cabot, R. K. Smith, Y. Yin, H. Zheng, B. M. Reinhard, H. Liu, A. P. Alivisatos, ACS Nano 2 (2008) 1452.10.1021/nn800270mSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

56. P. K. Jain, L. Amirav, S. Aloni, A. P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (2010) 9997.10.1021/ja104126uSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

57. K. Miszta, D. Dorfs, A. Genovese, M. R. Kim, L. Manna, ACS Nano 5 (2011) 7176.10.1021/nn201988wSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

58. W. Liu, A. Y. Chang, R. D. Schaller, D. V. Talapin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (2012) 20258.10.1021/ja309821jSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

59. M. Yarema, M. V. Kovalenko, Chem. Mater. 25 (2013) 1788.10.1021/cm400320rSearch in Google Scholar

60. K. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Jin, X. Fang, Y. Wan, Y. Zhang, J. Han, L. Dai, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 25123.10.1039/C6RA00503ASearch in Google Scholar

61. Y. Qian, Q. Yang, Nano Lett. 17 (2017) 7183.10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01266Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. I. Moreels, K. Lambert, D. De Muynck, F. Vanhaecke, D. Poelman, J. C. Martins, G. Allan, Z. Hens, Chem. Mater. 19 (2007) 6101.10.1021/cm071410qSearch in Google Scholar

63. S. Tamang, K. Kim, H. Choi, Y. Kim, S. Jeong, Dalton Trans. 44 (2015) 16923.10.1039/C5DT02181BSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

64. A. Pinczuk, E. Burstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (1968) 1073.10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1073Search in Google Scholar

65. K. Aoki, E. Anastassakis, M. Cardona, Phys. Rev. B 30 (1984) 681.10.1103/PhysRevB.30.681Search in Google Scholar

66. D. R. T. Zahn, R. H. Williams, T. D. Golding, J. H. Dinan, K. J. Mackey, J. Geurts, W. Richter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 53 (1988) 2409.10.1063/1.100245Search in Google Scholar

67. D. Chen, C. Li, Z. Zhu, J. Fan, S. Wei, Phys. Rev. B 72 (2005) 075341.10.1103/PhysRevB.72.075341Search in Google Scholar

68. G. Sapkota, U. Philipose, Semicond. Sci. Tech. 29 (2014) 035001.10.1088/0268-1242/29/3/035001Search in Google Scholar

69. M. Salavati-Niasari, M. Bazarganipour, F. Davar, A. A. Fazl, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 (2010) 781.10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.07.065Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2018-02-11
Accepted: 2018-03-26
Published Online: 2018-04-30
Published in Print: 2018-08-28

©2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Preface
  3. Congratulations to Alexander Eychmüller
  4. Halogens in the Synthesis of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals
  5. Controlled Aqueous Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots using Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers as Stabilizers
  6. Fabrication of Ag2S/CdS Heterostructured Nanosheets via Self-Limited Cation Exchange
  7. Ion-Selective Ligands: How Colloidal Nano- and Micro-Particles Can Introduce New Functionalities
  8. TEM, FTIR and Electrochemistry Study: Desorption of PVP from Pt Nanocubes
  9. Incorporation of CdTe Nanocrystals into Metal Oxide Matrices Towards Inorganic Nanocomposite Materials
  10. Diatoms – A “Green” Way to Biosynthesize Gold-Silica Nanocomposites?
  11. Evidence for Photo-Switchable Carrier Mobilities in Blends of PbS Nanocrystals and Photochromic Dithienylcyclopentene Derivatives
  12. Gelation-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Deposition of High Performance Nanocomposites
  13. Enhancement of the Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Thiol-Stabilized CdTe Quantum Dots Through Surface Passivation with Sodium Chloride and Bicarbonate
  14. Fluorescence Quenching of CdTe Quantum Dots with Co (III) Complexes via Electrostatic Assembly Formation
  15. Colloidal Photoluminescent Refractive Index Nanosensor Using Plasmonic Effects
  16. Towards Low-Toxic Colloidal Quantum Dots
  17. Color-Enrichment Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Biorhythm-Friendly Backlighting
  18. Transient Absorption Studies on Nanostructured Materials and Composites: Towards the Development of New Photocatalytic Systems
  19. Transient Spectroscopy of Glass-Embedded Perovskite Quantum Dots: Novel Structures in an Old Wrapping
  20. Energy Transfer Between Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Organic Dye Molecules
  21. Chemical Routes to Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) Substrates
  22. Plasmonic Cu/CuCl/Cu2S/Ag and Cu/CuCl/Cu2S/Au Supports with Peroxidase-Like Activity: Insights from Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
  23. n-Type Cu2O/α-Fe2O3 Heterojunctions by Electrochemical Deposition: Tuning of Cu2O Thickness for Maximum Photoelectrochemical Performance
  24. The Photoelectrochemistry of Assemblies of Semiconductor Nanoparticles at Interfaces
  25. Surface-Charge Dependent Orientation of Water at the Interface of a Gold Electrode: A Cluster Study
  26. Single Particle Spectroscopy of Radiative Processes in Colloid-to-Film-Coupled Nanoantennas
  27. Coupled Plasmon Resonances and Gap Modes in Laterally Assembled Gold Nanorod Arrays
  28. Anisotropy of Structure and Optical Properties of Self-Assembled and Oriented Colloidal CdSe Nanoplatelets
  29. Simple Electroless Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticle Chains, Oriented by Externally Applied Magnetic Fields
  30. Functionalization of Graphene Aerogels and their Applications in Energy Storage and Conversion
  31. Macroscopic Aerogels with Retained Nanoscopic Plasmonic Properties
  32. Application of Aqueous-Based Covalent Crosslinking Strategies to the Formation of Metal Chalcogenide Gels and Aerogels
  33. Cellulose-Based Hydrogels with Controllable Electrical and Mechanical Properties
  34. Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Diimide Derivatives: Molecular Structure, Thin Film Properties and Solar Cell Applications
  35. Metal-Phenolic Encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  36. Extraction of K2CO3 from Low Concentration [K+] Solutions with the Aid of CO2: A Study on the Metastable Phase Equilibrium of K2CO3-Na2CO3-H2O Ternary System
https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2018-1148
Keywords for this article
colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals; core/shell heterostructures; low-toxic; quantum dots

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Preface
  3. Congratulations to Alexander Eychmüller
  4. Halogens in the Synthesis of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals
  5. Controlled Aqueous Synthesis of CdSe Quantum Dots using Double-Hydrophilic Block Copolymers as Stabilizers
  6. Fabrication of Ag2S/CdS Heterostructured Nanosheets via Self-Limited Cation Exchange
  7. Ion-Selective Ligands: How Colloidal Nano- and Micro-Particles Can Introduce New Functionalities
  8. TEM, FTIR and Electrochemistry Study: Desorption of PVP from Pt Nanocubes
  9. Incorporation of CdTe Nanocrystals into Metal Oxide Matrices Towards Inorganic Nanocomposite Materials
  10. Diatoms – A “Green” Way to Biosynthesize Gold-Silica Nanocomposites?
  11. Evidence for Photo-Switchable Carrier Mobilities in Blends of PbS Nanocrystals and Photochromic Dithienylcyclopentene Derivatives
  12. Gelation-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Deposition of High Performance Nanocomposites
  13. Enhancement of the Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Thiol-Stabilized CdTe Quantum Dots Through Surface Passivation with Sodium Chloride and Bicarbonate
  14. Fluorescence Quenching of CdTe Quantum Dots with Co (III) Complexes via Electrostatic Assembly Formation
  15. Colloidal Photoluminescent Refractive Index Nanosensor Using Plasmonic Effects
  16. Towards Low-Toxic Colloidal Quantum Dots
  17. Color-Enrichment Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Biorhythm-Friendly Backlighting
  18. Transient Absorption Studies on Nanostructured Materials and Composites: Towards the Development of New Photocatalytic Systems
  19. Transient Spectroscopy of Glass-Embedded Perovskite Quantum Dots: Novel Structures in an Old Wrapping
  20. Energy Transfer Between Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Organic Dye Molecules
  21. Chemical Routes to Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption (SEIRA) Substrates
  22. Plasmonic Cu/CuCl/Cu2S/Ag and Cu/CuCl/Cu2S/Au Supports with Peroxidase-Like Activity: Insights from Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
  23. n-Type Cu2O/α-Fe2O3 Heterojunctions by Electrochemical Deposition: Tuning of Cu2O Thickness for Maximum Photoelectrochemical Performance
  24. The Photoelectrochemistry of Assemblies of Semiconductor Nanoparticles at Interfaces
  25. Surface-Charge Dependent Orientation of Water at the Interface of a Gold Electrode: A Cluster Study
  26. Single Particle Spectroscopy of Radiative Processes in Colloid-to-Film-Coupled Nanoantennas
  27. Coupled Plasmon Resonances and Gap Modes in Laterally Assembled Gold Nanorod Arrays
  28. Anisotropy of Structure and Optical Properties of Self-Assembled and Oriented Colloidal CdSe Nanoplatelets
  29. Simple Electroless Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticle Chains, Oriented by Externally Applied Magnetic Fields
  30. Functionalization of Graphene Aerogels and their Applications in Energy Storage and Conversion
  31. Macroscopic Aerogels with Retained Nanoscopic Plasmonic Properties
  32. Application of Aqueous-Based Covalent Crosslinking Strategies to the Formation of Metal Chalcogenide Gels and Aerogels
  33. Cellulose-Based Hydrogels with Controllable Electrical and Mechanical Properties
  34. Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Diimide Derivatives: Molecular Structure, Thin Film Properties and Solar Cell Applications
  35. Metal-Phenolic Encapsulated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  36. Extraction of K2CO3 from Low Concentration [K+] Solutions with the Aid of CO2: A Study on the Metastable Phase Equilibrium of K2CO3-Na2CO3-H2O Ternary System
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 6.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/zpch-2018-1148/html
Scroll to top button