Home Life Sciences Native/modified dextran-based nanogel in delivering drug and management of ocular complications: a review
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Native/modified dextran-based nanogel in delivering drug and management of ocular complications: a review

  • Biswajit Basu ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Suraj Mallick ORCID logo , Suman Dhauria ORCID logo , Pooja V Nagime ORCID logo and Sudarshan Singh ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 29, 2025

Abstract

Ocular nanogels have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach, and nanotechnology has speed up the growth of the pharmaceutical and medical technology sectors. The physiological and anatomical barriers of the eye limit the use of traditional ocular preparations, which leads to low drug bioavailability and a brief retention period. This presents a serious problem for patients, doctors, and chemists. Nevertheless, nanogels can encapsulate medications within three-dimensional crosslinked polymeric networks and provide controlled and prolonged drug delivery by using particular structural layouts and unique preparation techniques, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Dextran and its variants, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, have drawn a lot of interest in developing delivery systems for use in pharmaceutical and medical applications. Many dextran-based delivery systems with customized geometries and features have been fabricated recently, such as hydrogels, nanogels, magnetic nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, self-assembled micelles and nanoparticles, and microparticles. The review presents advancement and therapeutic potential of dextran-based nanogels for the treatment of various eye conditions, such as cataract, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, age-related macular degeneration, and corneal ulcers. Moreover, the process for development and assessing these nanomedicines, emphasizing their safety and effectiveness as established by preclinical, toxicological, clinical assessments, and patent updates, has been elaborated.


Corresponding authors: Biswajit Basu, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Barasat, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India, E-mail: ; and Sudarshan Singh, Office of Research Administrations, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; and Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by CMU Proactive Researcher Scheme (2023), Chiang Mai University.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Biswajit Basu, Suraj Mallick, and Suman Dhauria: writing-original draft, reviewing, and editing; Pooja V Nagime: formal analysis; Sudarshan Singh: Conceptualization, supervision, reviewing, and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This work has not received from any organization.

  7. Data availability: Data can be made available on request to corresponding authors.

References

1. Pascolini, D, Mariotti, SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96:614–18. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300539.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Yang, L, Li, J, Zhou, B, Wang, Y. An injectable copolymer for in situ lubrication effectively relieves dry eye disease. ACS Mater Lett 2025;7:884–90. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c02327.Search in Google Scholar

3. Paliwal, H, Prajapati, BG, Srichana, T, Singh, S, Patel, RJ. Novel approaches in the drug development and delivery systems for age-related macular degeneration. Life 2023;13:568. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020568.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

4. Dave, J, Jani, H, Patel, Y, Mohite, P, Puri, A, Chidrawar, VR, et al.. Polyol-modified deformable liposomes fortified contact lenses for improved ocular permeability. Nanomedicine 2025:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435889.2025.2463867.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

5. Puri, A, Mohite, P, Patil, S, Chidrawar, VR, Ushir, YV, Dodiya, R, et al.. Facile green synthesis and characterization of Terminalia arjuna bark phenolic–selenium nanogel: a biocompatible and green nano-biomaterial for multifaceted biological applications. Front Chem 2023;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2023.1273360.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

6. Shi, T, Lu, H, Zhu, J, Zhou, X, He, C, Li, F, et al.. Naturally derived dual dynamic crosslinked multifunctional hydrogel for diabetic wound healing. Compos B Eng 2023;257:110687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110687.Search in Google Scholar

7. He, W, Wang, Y, Li, X, Ji, Y, Yuan, J, Yang, W, et al.. Sealing the Pandora’s vase of pancreatic fistula through entrapping the digestive enzymes within a dextrorotary (D)-peptide hydrogel. Nat Commun. 2024;15:7235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51734-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

8. Soni, KS, Desale, SS, Bronich, TK. Nanogels: an overview of properties, biomedical applications and obstacles to clinical translation. J Contr Release 2016;240:109–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.11.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

9. Patel, P, Garala, K, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG, Chittasupho, C. Lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery systems: approaches toward improvement in therapeutic efficacy of bioactive molecules. Pharmaceuticals 2024;17:329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030329.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

10. Sudarshan, S, Tanvi, RD, Rajesh, D, Yogesh, VU, Slamet, W. Lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery systems: approaches toward improvement in therapeutic efficacy of bioactive molecules. In: Luis Jesús, V-G, editor. Drug Carriers. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2022:Ch. 7 p.Search in Google Scholar

11. Mohite, P, Singh, S, Pawar, A, Sangale, A, Prajapati, BG. Lipid-based oral formulation in capsules to improve the delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Front Drug Delivery 2023;3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fddev.2023.1232012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Shah, S, Chauhan, H, Madhu, H, Mori, D, Soniwala, M, Singh, S, et al.. Lipids fortified nano phytopharmaceuticals: a breakthrough approach in delivering bio-actives for improved therapeutic efficacy. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024. https://doi.org/10.2174/0122117385277686231127050723.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Singh, S, Supaweera, N, Nwabor, OF, Yusakul, G, Chaichompoo, W, Suksamrarn, A, et al.. Polymeric scaffold integrated with nanovesicle-entrapped curcuminoids for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Nanomedicine 2024:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435889.2024.2347823.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Ontong, JC, Singh, S, Siriyong, T, Voravuthikunchai, SP. Transferosomes stabilized hydrogel incorporated rhodomyrtone-rich extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf fortified with phosphatidylcholine for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Biotechnol Lett 2024;46:127–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-023-03452-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Patel, R, Singh, S, Singh, S, Sheth, N, Gendle, R. Development and characterization of curcumin loaded transfersome for transdermal delivery. J Pharmaceut Sci Res 2009;1:71.Search in Google Scholar

16. Chittasupho, C, Chaobankrang, K, Sarawungkad, A, Samee, W, Singh, S, Hemsuwimon, K, et al.. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and attenuating intracellular reactive oxygen species activities of nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia leaf extract phytosomes and shape memory gel formulation. Gels 2023;9:78. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020078.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Wen, Y, Jia, H, Mo, Z, Zheng, K, Chen, S, Ding, Y, et al.. Cross-linked thermosensitive nanohydrogels for ocular drug delivery with a prolonged residence time and enhanced bioavailability. Mater Sci Eng C 2021;119:111445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111445.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Alibakhshi, MA, Halman, JR, Wilson, J, Aksimentiev, A, Afonin, KA, Wanunu, M. Picomolar fingerprinting of nucleic acid nanoparticles using solid-state nanopores. ACS Nano 2017;11:9701–10. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b04923.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Luo, Y, Wang, Q, Zhang, Y. Biopolymer-based nanotechnology approaches to deliver bioactive compounds for food applications: a perspective on the past, present, and future. J Agric Food Chem 2020;68:12993–3000. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00277.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Zhou, J, Zhou, L, Chen, Z, Sun, J, Guo, X, Wang, H, et al.. Remineralization and bacterial inhibition of early enamel caries surfaces by carboxymethyl chitosan lysozyme nanogels loaded with antibacterial drugs. J Dent 2025;152:105489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105489.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Mohite, P, Shah, SR, Singh, S, Rajput, T, Munde, S, Ade, N, et al.. Chitosan and chito-oligosaccharide: a versatile biopolymer with endless grafting possibilities for multifarious applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1190879.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Das, U, Kapoor, DU, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG. Unveiling the potential of chitosan-coated lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery for management of critical illness: a review. Z Naturforsch C Biosci 2024;79:107–24. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2023-0181.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Mukherjee, S, Karati, D, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG. Chitosan-based nanomedicine in the management of age-related macular degeneration: a review. Current Nanomed. (Formerly: Recent Pat Nanomed) 2024;14:13–27. https://doi.org/10.2174/0124681873261772230927074628.Search in Google Scholar

24. Cui, G, Dong, S, Sui, S, Kakuchi, T, Duan, Q, Feng, B, et al.. Fabrication of composite Fe3O4 nanoparticles coupled by thermo-responsive and fluorescent Eu complex on surface. Int J Polym Mater 2020;71:109–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2020.1809404.Search in Google Scholar

25. Begum, RF, Singh, S, Prajapati, B, Sumithra, M, Patel, RJ. Advanced targeted drug delivery of bioactive agents fortified with graft chitosan in management of cancer: a review. Curr Med Chem 2024;32:3759–89. https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298673285334240112104709.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Chidrawar, VR, Singh, S, Jayeoye, TJ, Dodiya, R, Samee, W, Chittasupho, C. Porous swellable hypromellose composite fortified with Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf hydrophobic/hydrophilic phenolic-rich extract to mitigate dermal wound infections. J Polym Environ 2023;31:3841–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02860-8.Search in Google Scholar

27. Singh, S, Chidrawar, VR, Hermawan, D, Dodiya, R, Samee, W, Ontong, JC, et al.. Hypromellose highly swellable composite fortified with psidium guajava leaf phenolic-rich extract for antioxidative, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenesis, and hemostasis applications. J Polym Environ 2023;31:3197–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02819-9.Search in Google Scholar

28. Singh, S, Chunglok, W, Nwabor, OF, Ushir, YV, Singh, S, Panpipat, W. Hydrophilic biopolymer matrix antibacterial peel-off facial mask functionalized with biogenic nanostructured material for cosmeceutical applications. J Polym Environ 2022;30:938–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02249-5.Search in Google Scholar

29. Jayeoye, TJ, Eze, FN, Singh, S. Nanocellulose materials and composites for emerging applications. In: Shabbir, M, editor. Regenerated Cellulose and composites: morphology-property relationship. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023:105–44 pp.10.1007/978-981-99-1655-9_5Search in Google Scholar

30. Patel, RP, Patel, GK, Patel, N, Singh, S, Chittasupho, C. Alginate nanoparticles: a potential drug carrier in tuberculosis treatment. In: Shegokar, R, Pathak, Y, editors. Tubercular drug delivery systems: advances in treatment of infectious diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023:207–34 pp.10.1007/978-3-031-14100-3_11Search in Google Scholar

31. Singh, S, Chunglok, W, Nwabor, OF, Chulrik, W, Jansakun, C, Bhoopong, P. Porous biodegradable sodium alginate composite fortified with Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Calyx extract for the multifarious biological applications and extension of climacteric fruit shelf-life. J Polym Environ 2023;31:922–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02596-x.Search in Google Scholar

32. Puri, A, Syukri, DM, Silvia, E, Ladyani, F, Mohite, P, Ade, N, et al.. Waste-to-Value-Added customized cationic banana starch for potential flocculant application. J Polym Environ 2024;32:6096–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03349-8.Search in Google Scholar

33. Singh, S, Supaweera, N, Nwabor, OF, Chaichompoo, W, Suksamrarn, A, Chittasupho, C, et al.. Poly (vinyl alcohol)-gelatin-sericin copolymerized film fortified with vesicle-entrapped demethoxycurcumin/bisdemethoxycurcumin for improved stability, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and skin tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024;258:129071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129071.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Bothara, SB, Singh, S. Thermal studies on natural polysaccharide. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S1031–S10https://doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60356-6.Search in Google Scholar

35. Datta, D, Prajapati, B, Jethva, H, Agrawal, K, Singh, S, Prajapati, BG. Value-added nanocellulose valorized from fruit peel waste for potential dermal wound healing and tissue regenerative applications. Regen Eng Trans Med 2024;11:88–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-024-00348-y.Search in Google Scholar

36. Basu, B, Rahaman, M, Ghosh, S, Dutta, S, Kumar, A, Mukherjee, S, et al.. Emerging silk sericin-based formulation fortified with therapeutics in the management of diabetic wound and skin tissue regeneration. Z Naturforsch C Biosci 2025;80:597–626. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2024-0198.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Semyonov, D, Ramon, O, Shoham, Y, Shimoni, E. Enzymatically synthesized dextran nanoparticles and their use as carriers for nutraceuticals. Food Funct 2014;5:2463–74. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00103f.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Pasteur, L. On the viscous fermentation and the butyrous fermentation. Bull Soc Chim Paris 1861;11:30–1.Search in Google Scholar

39. Jeanes, A, Haynes, WC, Wilham, CA, Rankin, JC, Melvin, EH, Austin, MJ, et al.. Characterization and classification of dextrans from ninety-six strains of bacteria1b. J Am Chem Soc 1954;76:5041–52. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01649a011.Search in Google Scholar

40. Allyn, MM, Luo, RH, Hellwarth, EB, Swindle-Reilly, KE. Considerations for polymers used in ocular drug delivery. Front Med 2022;8:787644. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.787644.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

41. Rajput, R, Narkhede, J, Naik, J. Nanogels as nanocarriers for drug delivery: a review. Admet and DMPK 2020;8:1–15. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.724.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

42. Lee, H, Noh, H. Advancements in nanogels for enhanced ocular drug delivery: cutting-edge strategies to overcome eye barriers. Gels 2023;9:718. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9090718.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Liu, L-C, Chen, Y-H, Lu, D-W. Overview of recent advances in nano-based ocular drug delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24:15352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015352.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

44. Kels, BD, Grzybowski, A, Grant-Kels, JM. Human ocular anatomy. Clin Dermatol 2015;33:140–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Dartt, DA, Willcox, MDP. Complexity of the tear film: importance in homeostasis and dysfunction during disease. Exp Eye Res 2013;117:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Gorantla, S, Rapalli, VK, Waghule, T, Singh, PP, Dubey, SK, Saha, RN, et al.. Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: current status and translational opportunity. RSC Adv 2020;10:27835–55. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra04971a.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

47. Subrizi, A, Del Amo, EM, Korzhikov-Vlakh, V, Tennikova, T, Ruponen, M, Urtti, A. Design principles of ocular drug delivery systems: importance of drug payload, release rate, and material properties. Drug Discov Today 2019;24:1446–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2019.02.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Urtti, A. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006;58:1131–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.027.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Mofidfar, M, Abdi, B, Ahadian, S, Mostafavi, E, Desai, TA, Abbasi, F, et al.. Drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye: a review of current and future treatment strategies. Int J Pharm 2021;607:120924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120924.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Geroski, DH, Edelhauser, HF. Transscleral drug delivery for posterior segment disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001;52:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00193-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Gaudana, R, Ananthula, HK, Parenky, A, Mitra, AK. Ocular drug delivery. AAPS J 2010;12:348–60. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-010-9183-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

52. Coca-Prados, M. The blood-aqueous barrier in health and disease. J Glaucoma 2014;23:S36–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ijg.0000000000000107.Search in Google Scholar

53. Peynshaert, K, Devoldere, J, De Smedt, SC, Remaut, K. In vitro and ex vivo models to study drug delivery barriers in the posterior segment of the eye. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;126:44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

54. Arularasu, M, Anbarasu, M, Poovaragan, S, Sundaram, R, Kanimozhi, K, Magdalane34, CM, et al.. Structural, optical, morphological and microbial studies on SnO. Nanosci Nanotechnol 2017;17:1–7.Search in Google Scholar

55. Rahman, M, Aznan, M, Yusof, A, Ansary, R, Siddiqi, M, Yusan, S. Synthesis and characterization of functionalized Se-MCM-41 a new drug carrier mesopore composite. Orient J Chem 2017;33:611. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/330208.Search in Google Scholar

56. Paggi, CA, Teixeira, LM, Le Gac, S, Karperien, M. Joint-on-chip platforms: entering a new era of in vitro models for arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022;18:217–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-021-00736-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Cunha-Vaz, J, Bernardes, R, Lobo, C. Blood-retinal barrier. Eur J Ophthalmol 2011;21:3–9. https://doi.org/10.5301/ejo.2010.6049.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Cheruvu, NPS, Amrite, AC, Kompella, UB. Effect of eye pigmentation on transscleral drug delivery. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:333–41. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.07-0214.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

59. Varela-Fernández, R, Díaz-Tomé, V, Luaces-Rodríguez, A, Conde-Penedo, A, García-Otero, X, Luzardo-Álvarez, A, et al.. Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye: biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic considerations. Pharmaceutics 2020;12:269. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030269.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Thrimawithana, TR, Rupenthal, ID, Räsch, SS, Lim, JC, Morton, JD, Bunt, CR. Drug delivery to the lens for the management of cataracts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;126:185–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Weinreb, RN, Aung, T, Medeiros, FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. JAMA 2014;311:1901–11. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.3192.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

62. Nadhira, AM, Djatikusumo, A, Victor, AA. Brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in real-world setting. Int J Retina 2023;6:130.10.35479/ijretina.2023.vol006.iss002.247Search in Google Scholar

63. Azari, AA, Barney, NP. Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 2013;310:1721–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.280318.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

64. Javadi, M-A, Feizi, S. Dry eye syndrome. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2011;6:192.Search in Google Scholar

65. Garg, P, Rao, GN. Corneal ulcer: diagnosis and management, Community. Eye Health 1999;12:21.Search in Google Scholar

66. Tsai, C-H, Wang, P-Y, Lin, IC, Huang, H, Liu, G-S, Tseng, C-L. Ocular drug delivery: role of degradable polymeric nanocarriers for ophthalmic application. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:2830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092830.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

67. Sen, HN, Vitale, S, Gangaputra, SS, Nussenblatt, RB, Liesegang, TL, Levy-Clarke, GA, et al.. Periocular corticosteroid injections in uveitis: effects and complications. Ophthalmology 2014;121:2275–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.021.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

68. Jager, RD, Aiello, LP, Patel, SC, Cunningham, ETJr. Risks of intravitreous injection: a comprehensive review. Retina 2004;24:676–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006982-200410000-00002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

69. Del Amo, EM, Rimpelä, A-K, Heikkinen, E, Kari, OK, Ramsay, E, Lajunen, T, et al.. Pharmacokinetic aspects of retinal drug delivery. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017;57:134–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.12.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Hornof, M, Toropainen, E, Urtti, A. Cell culture models of the ocular barriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005;60:207–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.01.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Sigurdsson, HH, Konráðsdóttir, F, Loftsson, T, Stefansson, E. Topical and systemic absorption in delivery of dexamethasone to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007;85:598–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00885.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Yellepeddi, VK, Palakurthi, S. Recent advances in topical ocular drug delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Therapeut 2016;32:67–82. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2015.0047.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Waite, D, Wang, Y, Jones, D, Stitt, A, Raj Singh, TR. Posterior drug delivery via periocular route: challenges and opportunities. Ther Deliv 2017;8:685–99. https://doi.org/10.4155/tde-2017-0097.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Ranta, V-P, Mannermaa, E, Lummepuro, K, Subrizi, A, Laukkanen, A, Antopolsky, M, et al.. Barrier analysis of periocular drug delivery to the posterior segment. J Contr Release 2010;148:42–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.028.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

75. Heinze, T, Liebert, T, Heublein, B, Hornig, S. Functional polymers based on dextran. Polysaccharides Ii 2006:199–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_100.Search in Google Scholar

76. Silvério, SC, Macedo, EA, Teixeira, JA, Rodrigues, LR. Perspectives on the biotechnological production and potential applications of lactosucrose: a review. J Funct Foods 2015;19:74–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.014.Search in Google Scholar

77. Whistler, R. Industrial gums: polysaccharides and their derivatives. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 2012.Search in Google Scholar

78. Longley, CJ, Fung, DPC. Potential applications and markets for biomass-derived levoglucosan, advances in thermochemical biomass conversion. London: Springer; 1993:1484–94 pp.10.1007/978-94-011-1336-6_120Search in Google Scholar

79. Grönwall, A, Ingelman, B. Dextran as a substitute for plasma. Nature 1945;155:45. https://doi.org/10.1038/155045a0.Search in Google Scholar

80. Gruber, UF. Dextran and the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications. Surg Clin 1975;55:679–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(16)40642-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Klotz, U, Kroemer, H. Clinical pharmacokinetic considerations in the use of plasma expanders. Clin Pharmacokinet 1987;12:123–35. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198712020-00003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

82. Zinderman, CE, Landow, L, Wise, RP. Anaphylactoid reactions to dextran 40 and 70: reports to the United States food and drug administration, 1969 to 2004. J Vasc Surg 2006;43:1004–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2006.01.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

83. Nasrollahzadeh, M, Sajjadi, M, Nezafat, Z, Shafiei, N. Chapter 3 – polysaccharide biopolymer chemistry. In: Nasrollahzadeh, M, editor. Biopolymer-based metal nanoparticle chemistry for sustainable applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2021:45–105 pp.10.1016/B978-0-12-822108-2.00019-3Search in Google Scholar

84. Anirudhan, TS, Binusreejayan. Dextran based nanosized carrier for the controlled and targeted delivery of curcumin to liver cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2016;88:222–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

85. Antoniou, E, Tsianou, M. Solution properties of dextran in water and in formamide. J Appl Polym Sci 2012;125:1681–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35475.Search in Google Scholar

86. Suner, SS, Sahiner, M, Sengel, SB, Rees, DJ, Reed, WF, Sahiner, N. Responsive biopolymer-based microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Stimuli Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications 2018;1:453–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101997-9.00021-7.Search in Google Scholar

87. Balani, K, Verma, V, Agarwal, A, Narayan, R. Biosurfaces: a materials science and engineering perspective. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons; 2015.10.1002/9781118950623Search in Google Scholar

88. Shukla, R, Shukla, S, Bivolarski, V, Iliev, I, Ivanova, I, Goyal, A. Structural characterization of insoluble dextran produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1149 in the presence of maltose. Food Technol Biotechnol 2011;49:291.Search in Google Scholar

89. Han, J, Hang, F, Guo, B, Liu, Z, You, C, Wu, Z. Dextran synthesized by Leuconostoc mesenteroides BD1710 in tomato juice supplemented with sucrose. Carbohydr Polym 2014;112:556–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

90. Campos, Fd.S, Ferrari, LZ, Cassimiro, DL, Ribeiro, CA, De Almeida, AE, Gremião, MPD. Effect of 70-kDa and 148-kDa dextran hydrogels on praziquantel solubility. J Therm Anal Calorim 2016;123:2157–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4826-3.Search in Google Scholar

91. Morris, BA. Rheology of polymer melts, the science and technology of flexible packaging. STFP 2017;121–47.10.1016/B978-0-323-24273-8.00005-8Search in Google Scholar

92. Zarour, K, Llamas, MG, Prieto, A, Ruas-Madiedo, P, Dueñas, MT, de Palencia, PF, et al.. Rheology and bioactivity of high molecular weight dextrans synthesised by lactic acid bacteria. Carbohydr Polym 2017;174:646–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.113.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

93. Masuelli, MA. Dextrans in aqueous solution. Experimental review on intrinsic viscosity measurements and temperature effect Chemistry. J Polym Biopolym Phys 2014;1:13–21. https://doi.org/10.12691/jpbpc-1-1-3.Search in Google Scholar

94. Seymour, RB, Carraher, CE, Seymour, RB, Carraher, CE. Thermal properties of polymers. S-PR 1984;83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4748-4_7.Search in Google Scholar

95. Varshosaz, J. Dextran conjugates in drug delivery. Expet Opin Drug Deliv 2012;9:509–23. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2012.673580.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

96. Dhaneshwar, SS, Kandpal, M, Gairola, N, Kadam, SS. Dextran: a promising macromolecular drug carrier. Indian J Pharmaceut Sci 2006;68. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474x.31000.Search in Google Scholar

97. Li, R-h., Zeng, T, Wu, M, Zhang, H-b., Hu, X-q.. Effects of esterification on the structural, physicochemical, and flocculation properties of dextran. Carbohydr Polym 2017;174:1129–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.034.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

98. Liebert, T, Wotschadlo, J, Laudeley, P, Heinze, T. Meltable dextran esters as biocompatible and functional coating materials. Biomacromolecules 2011;12:3107–13. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm200841b.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

99. Pahimanolis, N, Vesterinen, A-H, Rich, J, Seppala, J. Modification of dextran using click-chemistry approach in aqueous media. Carbohydr Polym 2010;82:78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.025.Search in Google Scholar

100. Francis, MF, Cristea, M, Winnik, FM. Polymeric micelles for oral drug delivery: why and how. Pure Appl Chem 2004;76:1321–35. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200476071321.Search in Google Scholar

101. Cortesi, R, Esposito, E, Osti, M, Menegatti, E, Squarzoni, G, Davis, SS, et al.. Dextran cross-linked gelatin microspheres as a drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 1999;47:153–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(98)00076-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

102. Fuentes, M, Mateo, C, Fernandez-Lafuente, R, Guisán, JM. Aldehyde–dextran–protein conjugates to immobilize amino-haptens: avoiding cross-reactions in the immunodetection. Enzym Microb Technol 2005;36:510–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.11.004.Search in Google Scholar

103. Dai, Q, Zhu, X, Yu, J, Karangwa, E, Xia, S, Zhang, X, et al.. Mechanism of formation and stabilization of nanoparticles produced by heating electrostatic complexes of WPI–dextran conjugate and chondroitin sulfate. J Agric Food Chem 2016;64:5539–48. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01213.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

104. Chavan, C, Bala, P, Pal, K, Kale, SN. Cross-linked chitosan-dextran sulphate vehicle system for controlled release of ciprofloxaxin drug: an ophthalmic application. Open 2017;2:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2017.04.002.Search in Google Scholar

105. Wang, H, Chen, Q, Zhou, S. Carbon-based hybrid nanogels: a synergistic nanoplatform for combined biosensing, bioimaging, and responsive drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2018;47:4198–232. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00399d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

106. Theune, LE, Buchmann, J, Wedepohl, S, Molina, M, Laufer, J, Calderón, M. NIR-and thermo-responsive semi-interpenetrated polypyrrole nanogels for imaging guided combinational photothermal and chemotherapy. J Contr Release 2019;311:147–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.035.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

107. Sasaki, Y, Akiyoshi, K. Nanogel engineering for new nanobiomaterials: from chaperoning engineering to biomedical applications. Chem Rec 2010;10:366–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201000008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

108. Hajebi, S, Rabiee, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Ahmadi, S, Rabiee, M, Roghani-Mamaqani, H, et al.. Stimulus-responsive polymeric nanogels as smart drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2019;92:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

109. Yin, Y, Hu, B, Yuan, X, Cai, L, Gao, H, Yang, Q. Nanogel: a versatile nano-delivery system for biomedical applications. Pharmaceutics 2020;12:290. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030290.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

110. Kabanov, AV, Vinogradov, SV. Nanogels as pharmaceutical carriers: finite networks of infinite capabilities. Angew Chem Int Ed 2009;48:5418–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200900441.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

111. Szilágyi, BÁ, Némethy, Á, Magyar, A, Szabó, I, Bősze, S, Gyarmati, B, et al.. Amino acid based polymer hydrogel with enzymatically degradable cross-links. React Funct Polym 2018;133:21–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.09.015.Search in Google Scholar

112. Yanasarn, N, Sloat, BR, Cui, Z. Nanoparticles engineered from lecithin-in-water emulsions as a potential delivery system for docetaxel. Int J Pharm 2009;379:174–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.06.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

113. Cortez-Lemus, NA, Licea-Claverie, A. Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam), a comprehensive review on a thermoresponsive polymer becoming popular. Prog Polym Sci 2016;53:1–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.08.001.Search in Google Scholar

114. Buwalda, SJ, Vermonden, T, Hennink, WE. Hydrogels for therapeutic delivery: current developments and future directions. Biomacromolecules 2017;18:316–30. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01604.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

115. Wang, J, Wang, X, Yan, G, Fu, S, Tang, R. pH-sensitive nanogels with ortho ester linkages prepared via thiol-ene click chemistry for efficient intracellular drug release. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017;508:282–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

116. Dispenza, C, Spadaro, G, Jonsson, M. Radiation engineering of multifunctional nanogels, Applications of radiation chemistry in the fields of industry. Biotechnol Environ 2017:95–120.10.1007/978-3-319-54145-7_4Search in Google Scholar

117. He, J, Tong, X, Zhao, Y. Photoresponsive nanogels based on photocontrollable cross-links. Macromolecules 2009;42:4845–52. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma900665v.Search in Google Scholar

118. Sultana, F, Imran-Ul-Haque, M, Arafat, M, Sharmin, S. An overview of nanogel drug delivery system. J Appl Pharmaceut Sci 2013;3:S95–105.10.7324/JAPS.2013.38.S15Search in Google Scholar

119. Akiyoshi, K, Sasaki, Y, Sunamoto, J. Molecular chaperone-like activity of hydrogel nanoparticles of hydrophobized pullulan: thermal stabilization with refolding of carbonic anhydrase B. Bioconjug Chem 1999;10:321–4. https://doi.org/10.1021/bc9801272.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

120. Gref, R, Amiel, C, Molinard, K, Daoud-Mahammed, S, Sébille, B, Gillet, B, et al.. New self-assembled nanogels based on host–guest interactions: characterization and drug loading. J Contr Release 2006;111:316–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.12.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

121. Vinogradov, SV, Bronich, TK, Kabanov, AV. Nanosized cationic hydrogels for drug delivery: preparation, properties and interactions with cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002;54:135–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00245-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

122. Kettel, MJ, Dierkes, F, Schaefer, K, Moeller, M, Pich, A. Aqueous nanogels modified with cyclodextrin. Polymer 2011;52:1917–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.037.Search in Google Scholar

123. Guerrero-Ramírez, LG, Nuno-Donlucas, SM, Cesteros, LC, Katime, I. Smart copolymeric nanohydrogels: synthesis, characterization and properties. Mater Chem Phys 2008;112:1088–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.023.Search in Google Scholar

124. Daoud-Mahammed, S, Ringard-Lefebvre, C, Razzouq, N, Rosilio, V, Gillet, B, Couvreur, P, et al.. Spontaneous association of hydrophobized dextran and poly-β-cyclodextrin into nanoassemblies.: formation and interaction with a hydrophobic drug. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007;307:83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.10.072.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

125. Oh, JK. Engineering of nanometer-sized cross-linked hydrogels for biomedical applications. Can J Chem 2010;88:173–84. https://doi.org/10.1139/v09-158.Search in Google Scholar

126. Inomoto, N, Osaka, N, Suzuki, T, Hasegawa, U, Ozawa, Y, Endo, H, et al.. Interaction of nanogel with cyclodextrin or protein: study by dynamic light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering. Polymer 2009;50:541–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.11.001.Search in Google Scholar

127. Wang, Q, Xu, H, Yang, X, Yang, Y. Drug release behavior from in situ gelatinized thermosensitive nanogel aqueous dispersions. Int J Pharm 2008;361:189–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

128. Morimoto, N, Endo, T, Ohtomi, M, Iwasaki, Y, Akiyoshi, K. Hybrid nanogels with physical and chemical cross‐linking structures as nanocarriers. Macromol Biosci 2005;5:710–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200500051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

129. Shen, W, Chang, Y, Liu, G, Wang, H, Cao, A, An, Z. Biocompatible, antifouling, and thermosensitive core− shell nanogels synthesized by RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization. Macromolecules 2011;44:2524–30. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200074n.Search in Google Scholar

130. Barthelmes, J, Perera, G, Hombach, J, Dünnhaupt, S, Bernkop-Schnürch, A. Development of a mucoadhesive nanoparticulate drug delivery system for a targeted drug release in the bladder. Int J Pharm 2011;416:339–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

131. Ramteke, S, Ganesh, N, Bhattacharya, S, Jain, NK. Triple therapy-based targeted nanoparticles for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. J Drug Target 2008;16:694–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/10611860802295839.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

132. Daoud-Mahammed, S, Couvreur, P, Gref, R. Novel self-assembling nanogels: stability and lyophilisation studies. Int J Pharm 2007;332:185–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.052.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

133. Pandey, T, Sharma, N, Gupta, N, Rajput, D, Tripathi, K. Fabrication of nanogel for topical drug delivery of montelukast. Asian J Pharmaceut Res Dev 2022;10:53–60. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v10i6.1190.Search in Google Scholar

134. Zha, Q, Wang, X, Cheng, X, Fu, S, Yang, G, Yao, W, et al.. Acid–degradable carboxymethyl chitosan nanogels via an ortho ester linkage mediated improved penetration and growth inhibition of 3-D tumor spheroids in vitro. Mater Sci Eng C 2017;78:246–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.098.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

135. Zhu, Y, Wang, X, Chen, J, Zhang, J, Meng, F, Deng, C, et al.. Bioresponsive and fluorescent hyaluronic acid-iodixanol nanogels for targeted X-ray computed tomography imaging and chemotherapy of breast tumors. J Contr Release 2016;244:229–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.08.027.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

136. Ferozekhan, S, Umashankar, MS, Narayanasamy, D. A comprehensive review of nanogel-based drug delivery systems. Cureus 2024;16:e68633. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.68633.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

137. Chaiyasan, W, Srinivas, SP, Tiyaboonchai, W. Crosslinked chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticle for improved topical ocular drug delivery. Mol Vis 2015;21:1224.Search in Google Scholar

138. Pardeshi, SR, More, MP, Pardeshi, CV, Chaudhari, PJ, Gholap, AD, Patil, A, et al.. Novel crosslinked nanoparticles of chitosan oligosaccharide and dextran sulfate for ocular administration of dorzolamide against glaucoma. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023;86:104719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104719.Search in Google Scholar

139. Hussain, AA, Starita, C, Hodgetts, A, Marshall, J. Macromolecular diffusion characteristics of ageing human Bruch’s membrane: implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Eye Res 2010;90:703–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2010.02.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

140. Kaskoos, RA. Investigation of moxifloxacin loaded chitosan–dextran nanoparticles for topical instillation into eye: in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm Invest 2014;4:164. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973x.143114.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

141. Ammassam Veettil, R, Marcano, DC, Yuan, X, Zaheer, M, Adumbumkulath, A, Lee, R, et al.. Dextran sulfate polymer wafer promotes corneal wound healing. Pharmaceutics 2021;13:1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101628.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

142. Sarkar, S, Osman, N, Thrimawithana, T, Wann, SB, Kalita, J, Manna, P. Alleviation of diabetic retinopathy by glucose-triggered delivery of vitamin D via dextran-gated functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024;7:1260–70. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.3c01200.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

143. Ito, T, Yeo, Y, Highley, CB, Bellas, E, Kohane, DS. Dextran-based in situ cross-linked injectable hydrogels to prevent peritoneal adhesions. Biomaterials 2007;28:3418–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.017.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

144. Delgado, D, del Pozo-Rodríguez, A, Solinís, MÁ, Avilés-Triqueros, M, Weber, BHF, Fernández, E, et al.. Dextran and protamine-based solid lipid nanoparticles as potential vectors for the treatment of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. Hum Gene Ther 2012;23:345–55. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2011.115.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

145. Yazdanpanah, G, Shah, R, Somala, SRR, Anwar, KN, Shen, X, An, S, et al.. In-situ porcine corneal matrix hydrogel as ocular surface bandage. Ocul Surf 2021;21:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

146. Gao, H, Chen, M, Liu, Y, Zhang, D, Shen, J, Ni, N, et al.. Injectable anti‐inflammatory supramolecular nanofiber hydrogel to promote anti‐VEGF therapy in age‐related macular degeneration treatment. Adv Mater 2023;35:2204994. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202204994.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

147. Su, H, Zhang, W, Wu, Y, Han, X, Liu, G, Jia, Q, et al.. Schiff base-containing dextran nanogel as pH-sensitive drug delivery system of doxorubicin: synthesis and characterization. J Biomater Appl 2018;33:170–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885328218783969.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

148. Bahadar, H, Maqbool, F, Niaz, K, Abdollahi, M. Toxicity of nanoparticles and an overview of current experimental models. Iran Biomed J 2016;20:1. https://doi.org/10.7508/ibj.2016.01.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

149. Rout, GK, Shin, H-S, Gouda, S, Sahoo, S, Das, G, Fraceto, LF, et al.. Current advances in nanocarriers for biomedical research and their applications, Artificial Cells. Nanomed Biotechnol 2018;46:1053–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1478843.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

150. Zhang, T, Jin, X, Zhang, N, Jiao, X, Ma, Y, Liu, R, et al.. Targeted drug delivery vehicles mediated by nanocarriers and aptamers for posterior eye disease therapeutics: barriers, recent advances and potential opportunities. Nanotechnology 2022;33:162001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac46d5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

151. Goostrey, T. Preactivated thiomer mucoadhesive micelles for anterior ophthalmic drug delivery. MacSphere, Open Access Dissertations and Theses Community; 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11375/26461.Search in Google Scholar

152. Onugwu, AL, Nwagwu, CS, Onugwu, OS, Echezona, AC, Agbo, CP, Ihim, SA, et al.. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases. J Contr Release 2023;354:465–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

153. Delair, T. Colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and dextran sulfate towards versatile nanocarriers of bioactive molecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011;78:10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

154. I.C.H.H.T. Guideline. Pharmaceutical development, Q8 (2R). As revised in August 23. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline 2009.Search in Google Scholar

155. Alotaibi, G, Alharthi, S, Basu, B, Ash, D, Dutta, S, Singh, S, et al.. Nano-gels: recent advancement in fabrication methods for mitigation of skin cancer. Gels 2023;9:331. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9040331.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

156. Mohite, P, Puri, A, Munde, S, Ade, N, Kumar, A, Jantrawut, P, et al.. Hydrogel-forming microneedles in the management of dermal disorders through a non-invasive process: a review. Gels 2024;10:719. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10110719.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2025-01-11
Accepted: 2025-04-15
Published Online: 2025-04-29
Published in Print: 2026-01-29

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 30.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/znc-2025-0014/html
Scroll to top button