The effect of short-term study abroad on second language Spanish phonetic development

Silvina Bongiovanni; Avizia Y. Long; Megan Solon; Erik W. Willis

doi:10.1515/shll-2015-0010

Article

The effect of short-term study abroad on second language Spanish phonetic development

Silvina Bongiovanni , Avizia Y. Long , Megan Solon and Erik W. Willis

Published/Copyright: August 25, 2015

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From the journal Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics Volume 8 Issue 2

Abstract

This study explores the impact of study abroad (SA) on second language Spanish phonetic development. Twenty-seven English-speaking learners of Spanish, 15 who were participating in a 4-week SA program in the Dominican Republic and 12 who were studying at their home (AH) institution, were recorded 5 weeks apart (at the approximate beginning and end of their respective programs). Recordings were analyzed acoustically, and four groups of segments were examined: word-initial /p t k/, intervocalic /b d ɡ/, intervocalic /ɾ/ and /r/, and word-final /l/. Productions at Time 1 and Time 2 as well as between the SA and AH groups were compared. Results suggested a minor benefit of the SA environment for phonetic development of some of the segments but with notable individual variation in both groups.

Keywords: second language acquisition; study abroad; phonetic development

Appendix A

Reading passages with target words in bold

Passage 1

Pablo quiere tener una mascota. El problema es que la mamá no lo deja, sin importar de qué mascota se trata. Pablo le ofreció varias opciones, pero ella encontró un problema con cada una de ellas. Un perro suelta mucho pelo y siempre tiene el morro sucio. Un toro seguro que come mucho (¡qué caro será darle de comer!). Una araña espanta a las visitas. Y ni hablar de un caracol. Es un animal demasiado lento. Un zorro es un lindo animal, pero todo el tiempo, la mamá piensa que habrá pelo por todas partes, que la cola del animal tirará el jarrón de la sala y que, en el jardín, arruinará el clavel. Quizás un caballo … ¿comerá arroz? ¡Tener una mascota es imposible! Será mejor conseguir un abogado para resolver esta cuestión familiar.

Passage 2

A ver … tengo que armar la lista de materiales que necesito para mi clase de dibujo. Primero y principal, necesito un pincel. ¿Qué más hace falta? Mmmm … creo que también tengo que comprar acrílicos. Voy a comprar de color dorado y de color celeste. El dorado ideal para el dibujo de la torre hecha de lingotes de oro que pidió de tarea la profesora. Y de fondo voy a pintar un cielo despejado muy celeste, sin ninguna nube. Será un gran golpe de creatividad. Y para el dibujo de naturaleza muerta, voy a imaginar una escena en una cocina en la edad media y voy a pintar un higo junto al fuego. También tengo que comprar para eso. ¿Qué más? Por las dudas, también voy a comprar papel.

Passage 3

Me gustan los cuentos de fantasía. Me gusta que siempre hay un hada y un mago que resuelven los problemas de todos. También me gustan esos detalles que luego se convierten en símbolos. Por ejemplo, el cabello largo de Rapunzel, las migajas de Hansel y Gretel o los nariz larga de madera de Pinocho.

Appendix B

Sample items from Pronunciation Attitude Inventory (from Elliott 1995)

	(Almost) always true of me	Usually true of me	Somewhat true of me	Usually not true of me	(Almost) never true of me
1. I’d like to sound as native as possible when speaking Spanish.	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞
2. Acquiring proper pronunciation in Spanish is important to me.	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞	⃞

Appendix C

Sample items from Proficiency test

Creo que es muy interesante _____ de los hábitos alimenticios de la gente.

⃞ hablo

⃞ hablar

⃞ hablando

Yo, por mi parte, _____ vegetariana.

⃞ soy

⃞ estoy

⃞ tengo

Appendix D

Table 9:

Mean VOT duration (in ms) of /k/ by task type for each group.

Task type	AH		SA
	Time 1	Time 2	Time 1	Time 2
Paragraph	49.1 (20.5)	42.0 (12.0)	49.1 (17.3)	45.2 (21.3)
Sentence	57.0 (25.9)	53.4 (19.9)	59.4 (26.2)	55.0 (31.4)

^[1]

Table 10:

Mean relative intensity (in dB) of /d/ by task type for each group.

Task type	AH		SA
	Time 1	Time 2	Time 1	Time 2
Paragraph	11.2 (3.6)	12.1 (5.0)	14.5 (4.9)	13.1 (6.6)
Sentence	12.5 (3.2)	13.3 (6.2)	16.6 (6.0)	13.5 (5.0)

^[2]

Appendix E

Table 11:

Summary of individual results for VOT (in ms).

		/k/				/p/				/t/
		Time 1		Time 2		Time 1		Time 2		Time 1		Time 2
		M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max
AH	P25	68	32–96	70	36–99	47	17–76	58	18–116	50	17–89	71	40–136
	P28	30	17–58	33	14–60	30	20–60	18	7–33	22	15–30	22	13–36
	P30	55	37–76	47	18–64	42	17–63	38	21–64	53	21–95	35	12–54
	P31	53	45–66	52	35–73	31	22–48	36	22–54	45	30–81	51	28–64
	P32	34	20–77	34	22–52	17	9–30	20	12–36	13	9–22	17	11–34
	P33	42	24–63	42	26–78	23	11–52	32	14–85	23	14–32	22	10–40
	P35	62	33–82	50	34–108	31	13–69	26	13–56	61	19–125	37	15–63
	P37	77	42–111	64	39–115	42	17–65	28	13–59	60	28–147	45	19–60
	P40	23	13–35	29	7–76	12	8–20	14	10–24	13	8–16	19	14–29
	P41	100	18–155	85	24–121	65	33–98	60	22–90	78	45–120	73	41–109
	P44	85	64–119	71	46–105	83	63–113	65	45–86	89	31–122	89	66–130
	P45	36	12–68	36	18–85	28	13–61	22	9–50	20	13–33	26	10–60
SA	P1	60	43–90	30	16–46	38	23–67	17	11–20	42	30–54	22	11–46
	P3	59	39–82	42	24–76	45	28–80	27	11–61	49	20–80	30	18–57
	P6	42	25–96	34	23–53	23	10–68	20	11–42	20	8–81	16	11–26
	P9	28	18–46	32	12–76	14	4–29	11	6–15	11	7–16	12	8–27
	P10	82	32–140	61	28–139	72	16–140	48	17–93	73	43–127	52	21–95
	P11	38	18–59	37	22–80	26	11–44	20	14–30	32	14–58	25	17–34
	P12	95	48–144	123	61–167	72	41–103	85	48–117	81	45–143	108	50–152
	P13	65	35–97	38	21–64	35	16–73	27	16–58	41	25–54	27	12–41
	P14	36	24–58	45	10–69	27	14–41	27	11–61	26	13–37	31	15–57
	P17	51	24–103	34	21–94	27	12–40	12	7–15	38	22–78	17	7–34
	P18	58	30–84	62	30–89	42	28–52	47	26–72	52	18–72	60	37–83
	P20	30	15–60	29	19–48	21	11–46	23	6–84	26	14–63	22	11–59
	P21	34	25–47	40	26–57	24	14–41	33	21–63	27	17–38	31	23–45
	P23	102	55–155	106	55–183	64	20–88	82	17–123	67	21–114	108	69–173
	P24	82	56–113	82	61–109	79	43–107	63	47–95	81	70–97	84	59–116

Table 12:

Summary of individual results for /b d ɡ/ (in dB).

		/b/					/d/				/ɡ/
Time 1				Time 2			Time 1		Time 2		Time 1		Time 2
		M	Min–Max	M	Min	Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max
AH	P25	14.60	7.13–21.85	15.27	6.84	23.54	14.37	7.49–20.40	13.93	6.12–24.19	14.84	4.90–33.13	16.10	5.31–22.18
	P28	10.14	2.08–20.43	12.83	3.74	22.85	11.79	1.68–22.52	10.80	0.14–24.34	14.71	1.33–26.53	18.15	9.08–26.91
	P30	12.60	7.22–31.19	13.45	4.23	31.77	12.02	3.82–17.11	16.08	4.77–22.21	12.36	4.51–20.56	18.25	3.29–31.57
	P31	14.16	7.67–23.12	16.16	0.92	43.41	16.01	11.48–23.34	19.78	11.38–30.30	10.18	1.20–22.91	10.62	1.01–20.38
	P32	12.59	2.35–23.79	13.80	2.49	23.74	8.28	0.00–19.26	6.29	0.00–27.96	15.77	8.29–22.74	15.38	0.00–26.56
	P33	12.86	0.00–24.16	11.95	4.87	25.27	9.33	0.00–23.66	6.56	0.00–17.88	15.45	2.96–24.02	12.32	4.60–28.84
	P35	17.08	3.10–39.98	11.45	4.57	21.03	10.14	0.00–21.35	13.46	0.00–25.65	16.32	1.68–32.52	11.66	0.41–20.88
	P37	8.17	4.25–15.28	8.72	2.57	18.30	7.96	0.76–20.73	6.77	0.66–16.10	9.91	4.44–17.35	6.83	−0.99–16.82
	P40	14.22	0.01–44.07	11.13	0.11	27.40	10.45	2.35–22.56	7.95	1.18–22.22	13.33	2.92–25.45	12.99	1.28–39.69
	P41	13.19	4.84–28.41	16.86	9.90	23.65	13.49	4.75–24.91	15.57	1.27–24.20	14.52	4.56–26.89	16.68	0.00–25.10
	P44	13.77	10.58–16.84	15.92	7.10	22.79	15.36	6.57–20.40	17.39	4.75–26.29	18.63	7.49–34.48	21.46	12.99–32.01
	P45	19.76	10.37–25.32	20.77	12.72	33.21	16.95	2.53–38.14	23.34	7.89–35.28	21.25	11.19–30.39	20.75	11.89–37.08
SA	P1	20.11	10.72–34.89	12.92	2.86	34.79	18.64	5.49–35.66	19.38	6.98–27.59	20.18	8.71–35.49	16.01	6.31–31.83
	P3	17.97	5.02–32.28	12.75	5.46	18.21	20.38	8.12–26.70	10.51	0.98–16.09	12.80	3.90–26.98	12.37	6.25–18.01
	P6	14.97	4.30–26.87	15.10	0.42	29.45	18.36	0.43–36.88	13.98	0.00–23.42	13.90	7.75–22.33	13.17	2.43–35.20
	P9	13.41	2.32–21.76	17.97	3.29	26.13	12.65	1.19–22.08	12.77	3.74–22.64	13.54	2.40–33.52	11.30	0.25–30.27
	P10	19.99	3.91–42.64	10.21	5.77	19.07	18.67	3.63–33.69	7.58	1.52–15.99	20.69	8.58–33.96	11.98	0.70–23.89
	P11	11.33	1.19–16.46	10.91	5.87	17.68	6.92	–0.14–17.70	6.81	1.74–15.42	9.72	1.98–20.27	5.72	1.49–12.77
	P12	27.02	19.10–39.75	27.02	19.10	39.75	25.92	14.36–40.38	26.06	13.53–40.38	23.30	14.90–33.77	26.33	14.90–45.35
	P13	12.19	3.14–23.37	11.58	2.74	29.97	12.67	3.49–21.31	10.30	0.44–32.08	13.34	5.86–21.18	12.50	5.51–20.04
	P14	13.00	3.31–22.35	13.01	0.71	22.10	8.95	0.21–24.63	13.01	2.46–26.52	11.03	3.10–28.94	12.95	3.76–25.90
	P17	22.18	7.08–36.96	20.46	2.11	36.79	20.93	3.15–33.79	14.74	1.25–35.27	22.60	3.61–37.39	16.62	3.61–33.89
	P18	14.83	2.58–25.14	12.96	4.28	21.10	10.45	5.10–16.40	6.91	−1.74–16.16	13.88	5.79–22.55	15.44	4.80–25.60
	P20	16.82	9.44–27.21	19.23	10.74	23.91	13.91	2.25–34.46	15.82	6.34–23.00	19.56	10.03–30.10	19.07	12.03–25.90
	P21	15.88	3.67–34.20	15.36	2.20	30.08	10.18	–0.49–23.62	10.90	0.32–21.85	11.73	−0.10–24.70	12.85	3.61–23.17
	P23	25.46	12.39–35.82	18.04	11.85	26.03	22.03	1.61–42.78	13.07	4.20–23.29	24.31	12.26–44.79	18.14	11.81–32.93
	P24	17.58	6.56–29.79	16.64	8.25	20.25	20.45	0.91–46.27	17.11	6.24–28.85	22.02	8.98–37.69	18.44	12.18–23.11

Table 13:

Summary of individual results for /l/ (F2 measured in Hz for leftmost Time 1 and Time 2 columns; normalized values for rightmost Time 1 and Time 2 columns).

		Time 1		Time 2		Time 1		Time 2
		M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max	M	Min–Max
AH	P25	1,813	1,492–2,156	1,789	1,651–1,920	−0.01	−0.19–0.18	−0.02	−0.10–0.05
	P28	1,494	1,318–1,823	1,179	995–1,717	−0.22	−0.32−0.03	−0.40	−0.51−0.09
	P30	1,215	734−1,751	1,197	769−2,007	−0.35	−0.73–0.08	−0.36	−0.70–0.28
	P31	1,117	744−2,509	893	731−1,053	−0.70	−1.22–1.25	−1.02	−1.24−0.79
	P32	1,798	1,130–2,270	1834	1,144–2,431	0.04	−0.39–0.34	0.06	−0.38–0.44
	P33	1,448	965–2,205	1,449	888–2,069	–0.28	–0.58–0.18	−0.28	−0.63–0.10
	P35	1,441	1,025–2,887	1,266	1,020–1,647	−0.15	−0.47–0.94	−0.29	−0.47–0.00
	P37	1,407	1,153–1,925	1,456	1,021–1,745	−0.31	−0.47–0.02	−0.28	−0.55−0.09
	P40	1,560	1,132–1,975	1,665	1,083–2,071	−0.12	−0.37–0.13	−0.05	−0.40–0.19
	P41	1,146	902–1590	1,412	995–1,869	−0.44	−0.60−0.13	−0.25	−0.54–0.06
	P44	1,131	917–1,422	1,195	1,038–1,384	−0.48	−0.61−0.31	−0.44	−0.54−0.33
	P45	1,035	858−1,336	1,011	746−1,385	−0.41	−0.51−0.24	−0.42	−0.58−0.21
SA	P1	1,398	989–1,871	1,397	1,007–1,920	−0.35	−0.58−0.07	−0.35	−0.57−0.04
	P3	1,355	733−1,747	1,489	942–2,046	−0.33	−0.66−0.12	−0.26	−0.55–0.04
	P6	1,245	989–1,625	1,191	684–1,539	−0.32	−0.50−0.04	−0.36	−0.73−0.10
	P9	1,814	1,413–2,001	1,853	1,586–2,043	−0.04	−0.25–0.05	−0.02	−0.16–0.08
	P10	1,590	1,135–1,741	1,561	1,289–1,865	−0.20	−0.53−0.09	−0.22	−0.42–0.00
	P11	1,632	1,442–1,834	1,623	1,224–1,952	−0.18	−0.31−0.04	−0.18	−0.46–0.04
	P12	1,150	878−1,711	1,212	953−1,717	−0.35	−0.51−0.01	−0.31	−0.47−0.01
	P13	1,405	1,044−1,689	1,488	1,099−1,754	−0.06	−0.30–0.14	0.00	−0.27–0.18
	P14	1,309	860−1,723	1,217	1037−1,378	−0.35	−0.68−0.05	−0.42	−0.55−0.30
	P17	1,238	836−1,542	1,269	909−1,658	−0.42	−0.65−0.25	−0.40	−0.61−0.18
	P18	1,196	944−1,504	1,153	904−1,437	−0.56	−0.73−0.35	−0.59	−0.76−0.40
	P20	1,127	966−1,313	1,283	1,057−1,632	−0.51	−0.62−0.39	−0.41	−0.56−0.19
	P21	1,704	1,310–1,993	1538	954–2,015	−0.07	−0.33−0.11	−0.18	−0.55–0.13
	P23	1,108	995–1,176	1,243	857–1,489	−0.37	−0.43−0.33	−0.30	−0.50−0.17
	P24	1,092	901–1,429	1,134	749–1,513	−0.45	−0.55−0.27	−0.43	−0.63−0.22

Table 14:

Summary of descriptive results for rhotic segments (number of phonetic tap or trill indicated for phonemic tap and trill contexts, respectively).

Group	Participant	Tap		Trill
		Time 1	Time 2	Time 1	Time 2
AH	P25	4	1	0	0
	P28	11	9	1	0
	P30	21	11	1	0
	P31	0	1	0	0
	P32	4	8	6	6
	P33	1	0	0	0
	P35	6	4	0	0
	P37	0	0	0	0
	P40	16	11	10	14
	P41	7	4	0	0
	P44	1	3	0	0
	P45	0	1	7	4
SA	P1	13	15	2	0
	P3	4	6	1	3
	P6	9	11	10	2
	P9	10	9	13	9
	P10	9	2	0	0
	P11	5	15	11	10
	P12	3	4	3	6
	P13	7	13	1	6
	P14	4	3	0	0
	P17	7	4	0	0
	P18	13	8	0	0
	P20	7	9	1	1
	P21	1	3	5	4
	P23	1	0	0	0
	P24	0	9	0	1

Table 15:

Summary of background characteristics by individual.

Group	Participant	Proficiency score at Time 1	PAI score at Time 1	Number of years studying Spanish	Previous study abroad experience?
AH	P25	18	36	3	No
	P28	7	54	5	No
	P30	11	43	4	No
	P31	11	50	6	Yes
	P32	17	40	3	Yes
	P33	15	38	6	Yes
	P35	8	41	7	No
	P37	13	36	3	No
	P40	12	51	5	No
	P41	12	46	9	Yes
	P44	9	41	5	No
	P45	17	48	2	No
SA	P1	18	46	3	No
	P3	13	46	9	No
	P6	17	52	5	No
	P9	16	55	8	No
	P10	10	44	8	No
	P11	17	46	6	No
	P12	9	47	12	No
	P13	15	56	2	Yes
	P14	8	52	5	Yes
	P17	12	48	3	No
	P18	20	46	3	No
	P20	14	55	5	Yes
	P21	14	52	2	No
	P23	15	43	6	No
	P24	10	42	6	No

^[3]

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Published Online: 2015-8-25

Published in Print: 2015-9-1

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/shll-2015-0010

Keywords for this article

second language acquisition; study abroad; phonetic development