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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and cognitive functions of young children

  • Ioannis Bakoyiannis EMAIL logo , Eleana Gkioka , Vasileios Pergialiotis , Ioanna Mastroleon , Anastasia Prodromidou , Georgios D. Vlachos und Despina Perrea
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 28. Juni 2014
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Abstract

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is one of the main causes of mental retardation worldwide. Nearly 1% of children in North America are affected from antenatal exposure to ethanol. Its economic burden in industrialized countries is increasing. It is estimated that, in the United States, 4.0 billion dollars are annually expended in the treatment and rehabilitation of these patients. As a pathologic entity, they present with a broad symptomatology. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most readily recognized clinical manifestation of these disorders. Various factors seem to contribute in the pathogenesis of FASD-related cognitive disorders. During the last 20 years, several potential pretranslational and posttranslational factors have been extensively studied in various experimental animal models. Research has specifically focused on several neurotransmitters, insulin resistance, alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, abnormal glycosylation of several proteins, oxidative stress, nutritional antioxidants, and various epigenetic factors. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the clinical manifestations of this disorder during childhood and adolescence and to summarize the possible pathophysiologic and epigenetic pathways that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of FASD.

Keywords: alcohol; cognitive; FASD

Corresponding author: Ioannis Bakoyiannis, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research ‘N.S. Christeas’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Agiou Thoma 15B, GR-11527 Athens, Greece, e-mail:

Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: The authors report no conflict of interest.

Funding: None to disclose for all authors.

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Received: 2014-4-14
Accepted: 2014-5-29
Published Online: 2014-6-28
Published in Print: 2014-10-1

©2014 by De Gruyter

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