Effects of alum, soda ash, and carbon dioxide on 40–50 year old concrete wastewater tanks
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Mutua Maundu
and
Francis Maingi
Abstract
Concrete is among the foremost used construction materials around the world, however, there is limited information to determine how aging concrete is affected by chemicals. Concrete is used in the construction of domestic and industrial infrastructure including walls, beams, roof slabs, pipes and drainage systems. With increasing industrialization, chemicals are continuously released contributing to concrete degradation. Sulfuric acid is one of the most detrimental chemicals to concrete, yet it is commonly used in most industries. The effects of carbon dioxide, alum, and soda ash on 40–50 year old concrete structures were determined. Results showed the presence of Fe3+ ions with a mean concentration of 3.24 ± 0.02 mg/L in the residuum on the alum tank. This was due to the slightly acidic alum solution reacting with calcium hydroxide and iron in the concrete matrix over years thus depriving concrete of its binding power. The high amount of soda ash, a strong base, corrodes the concrete walls and surfaces hence creating cracks on the concrete matrix. Carbonation effects brought about by carbon dioxide were also observed at the time of the study.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the Department of Science, Technology and Engineering Kibabii University for the assistance accorded during the study.
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Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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- Reviews
- Recent endeavors in microbial remediation of micro- and nanoplastics
- Metal nanoparticles and its application on phenolic and heavy metal pollutants
- The story of nitrogen
- Recent development of imidazole derivatives as potential anticancer agents
- Indole based prostate cancer agents
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- An overview of quinoxaline synthesis by green methods: recent reports
- Naturally occurring, natural product inspired and synthetic heterocyclic anti-cancer drugs
- Synthesis of bioactive natural products and their analogs at room temperature – an update
- One-pot multi-component synthesis of diverse bioactive heterocyclic scaffolds involving 6-aminouracil or its N-methyl derivatives as a versatile reagent
- Synthesis of new horizons in benzothiazole scaffold and used in anticancer drug development
- Triazine based chemical entities for anticancer activity
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- Effects of alum, soda ash, and carbon dioxide on 40–50 year old concrete wastewater tanks
