Synthesis and characterization of size controlled alloy nanoparticles
-
Jingfang Zhang
Jingfang Zhang received her Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from Tianjin University in 2017 (with Prof. Bin Zhang). Currently, she is an associate professor in the chemistry department at Hebei Agricultural University. Her research focuses on the development of metal-based nanomaterials for electrocatalytic applications.Yifu Yu received his B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Chemical Engineering from Tianjin University. He carried out postdoctoral research in Nanyang Technological University (2014.7–2017.7). Currently, He is an associate professor in the chemistry department at Tianjin University. His research interest includes the controlled transformation synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications.und Bin Zhang
Bin Zhang received his Ph.D. degree from University of Science and Technology of China in 2007. He carried out postdoctoral research in University of Pennsylvania (July 2007 to July 2008) and worked as an Alexander von Humboldt fellow in Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (August 2008 to July 2009). Currently, he is a professor in the chemistry department at Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin). He mainly focuses on the controlled synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications.
Abstract
Bimetallic and multimetallic alloy nanoparticles are emerging as a class of critical nanomaterials in electronic, optical and magnetic fields due to their unique physic-chemical properties. In particular, precise control of the nanoparticle size can endow them with broad versatility and high selectivity. This chapter reviews some tremendous achievements in the development of size controlled bimetallic and multimetallic alloy nanoparticles, with special emphasis on general preparation methods, characterization methodologies and instrumentation techniques. Some key factors and future perspectives on the development of size-controlled bimetallic and multimetallic alloy nanoparticles are also discussed.
Funding statement: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21805069), the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City (No. 17JCJQJC44700 and No. 16JCZDJC30600) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Hebei Agricultural University (No. ZD201716).
About the authors

Jingfang Zhang received her Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from Tianjin University in 2017 (with Prof. Bin Zhang). Currently, she is an associate professor in the chemistry department at Hebei Agricultural University. Her research focuses on the development of metal-based nanomaterials for electrocatalytic applications.

Yifu Yu received his B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Chemical Engineering from Tianjin University. He carried out postdoctoral research in Nanyang Technological University (2014.7–2017.7). Currently, He is an associate professor in the chemistry department at Tianjin University. His research interest includes the controlled transformation synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications.

Bin Zhang received his Ph.D. degree from University of Science and Technology of China in 2007. He carried out postdoctoral research in University of Pennsylvania (July 2007 to July 2008) and worked as an Alexander von Humboldt fellow in Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (August 2008 to July 2009). Currently, he is a professor in the chemistry department at Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin). He mainly focuses on the controlled synthesis of advanced nanomaterials for catalytic applications.
References
[1] Turkevich J, Stevenson PC, Hillier J. A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold. Discuss Faraday Soc. 1951;11:55–75.10.1039/df9511100055Suche in Google Scholar
[2] Faraday MX. The Bakerian Lecture. —experimental relations of gold (and other metals) to light. Philos Trans R Soc London. 1857;147:145–81.10.1098/rstl.1857.0011Suche in Google Scholar
[3] Daniel M-C, Astruc D. Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology. Chem Rev. 2004;104:293–346.10.1021/cr030698+Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[4] Corma A, Garcia H. Supported gold nanoparticles as catalysts for organic reactions. Chem Soc Rev. 2008;37:2096–126.10.1039/b707314nSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[5] Chen Y, Qiu J, Wang X, Xiu J. Preparation and application of highly dispersed gold nanoparticles supported on silica for catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds. J Catal. 2006;242:227–30.10.1016/j.jcat.2006.05.028Suche in Google Scholar
[6] Liu J, Lu Y. Adenosine-dependent assembly of aptazyme-functionalized gold nanoparticles and its application as a colorimetric biosensor. Anal Chem. 2004;76:1627–32.10.1021/ac0351769Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[7] Jv Y, Li B, Cao R. Positively-charged gold nanoparticles as peroxidiase mimic and their application in hydrogen peroxide and glucose detection. Chem Commun. 2010;46:8017–9.10.1039/c0cc02698kSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] Ferrando R, Jellinek J, Johnston RL. Nanoalloys: from theory to applications of alloy clusters and nanoparticles. Chem Rev. 2008;108:845–910.10.1021/cr040090gSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[9] Zhang H, Jin M, Wang J, Kim MJ, Yang D, Xia Y. Nanocrystals composed of alternating shells of Pd and Pt can be obtained by sequentially adding different precursors. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:10422–5.10.1021/ja204447kSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[10] Wang L, Yamauchi Y. Strategic synthesis of trimetallic Au@Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles from poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-based aqueous solution toward highly active electrocatalysts. Chem Mater. 2011;23:2457–65.10.1021/cm200382sSuche in Google Scholar
[11] Wang L, Yamauchi Y. Autoprogrammed synthesis of triple-layered Au@Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles consisting of a Au@Pd bimetallic core and nanoporous pt shell. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:13636–8.10.1021/ja105640pSuche in Google Scholar
[12] Qiu F, Liu G, Li L, Wang Y, Xu C, An C, et al. Synthesis of triple-layered Ag@Co@Ni core-shell nanoparticles for the catalytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane. Chem A Eur J. 2014;20:505–9.10.1002/chem.201302943Suche in Google Scholar
[13] Aranishi K, Jiang H-L, Akita T, Haruta M, Xu Q. One-step synthesis of magnetically recyclable Au/Co/Fe triple-layered core-shell nanoparticles as highly efficient catalysts for the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane. Nano Res. 2011;4:1233–41.10.1007/s12274-011-0174-1Suche in Google Scholar
[14] Xu Y, Yuan Y, Ma A, Wu X, Liu Y, Zhang B. Composition-tunable Pt-Co alloy nanoparticle networks: facile room-temperature synthesis and supportless electrocatalytic applications. Chemphyschem. 2012;13:2601–9.10.1002/cphc.201100989Suche in Google Scholar
[15] Xu Y, Hou S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang B. Facile one-step room-temperature synthesis of Pt3Ni nanoparticle networks with improved electro-catalytic properties. Chem Commun. 2012;48:2665–7.10.1039/C2CC16798KSuche in Google Scholar
[16] Zhu H, Zhang S, Guo S, Su D, Sun S. Synthetic control of FePtM nanorods (M = Cu, Ni) to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135:7130–3.10.1021/ja403041gSuche in Google Scholar
[17] Shao M, Peles A, Shoemaker K. Electrocatalysis on platinum nanoparticles: particle size effect on oxygen reduction reaction activity. Nano Lett. 2011;11:3714–9.10.1021/nl2017459Suche in Google Scholar
[18] Toshima N, Yonezawa T. Bimetallic nanoparticles-novel materials for chemical and physical applications. New J Chem. 1998;22:1179–201.10.1039/a805753bSuche in Google Scholar
[19] Bönnemann H, Richards RM. Nanoscopic metal particles-synthetic methods and potential applications. Eur J Inorg Chem. 2001;2001:2455–80.10.1002/1099-0682(200109)2001:10<2455::AID-EJIC2455>3.0.CO;2-ZSuche in Google Scholar
[20] Tao AR, Habas S, Yang P. Shape control of colloidal metal nanocrystals. Small. 2008;4:310–25.10.1002/smll.200701295Suche in Google Scholar
[21] Shevchenko EV, Talapin DV, Schnablegger H, Kornowski A, Festin Ö, Svedlindh P, et al. Study of nucleation and growth in the organometallic synthesis of magnetic alloy nanocrystals: the role of nucleation rate in size control of CoPt3 nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:9090–101.10.1021/ja029937lSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] Lee YW, Kim M, Kim ZH, Han SW. One-step synthesis of Au@Pd core-shell nanooctahedron. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131:17036–7.10.1021/ja905603pSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[23] Singh SK, Singh AK, Aranishi K, Xu Q. Noble-metal-free bimetallic nanoparticle-catalyzed selective hydrogen generation from hydrous hydrazine for chemical hydrogen storage. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:19638–41.10.1021/ja208475ySuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[24] Chen G, Desinan S, Rosei R, Rosei F, Ma D. Synthesis of Ni-Ru alloy nanoparticles and their high catalytic activity in dehydrogenation of ammonia borane. Chem A Eur J. 2012;18:7925–30.10.1002/chem.201200292Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[25] Cui X, Li W, Ryabchuk P, Junge K, Beller M. Bridging homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis by heterogeneous single-metal-site catalysts. Nat Catal. 2018;1:385–97.10.1038/s41929-018-0090-9Suche in Google Scholar
[26] Huang W, Kang X, Xu C, Zhou J, Deng J, Li Y, et al. 2D PdAg alloy nanodendrites for enhanced ethanol electroxidation. Adv Mater. 2018;30:1706962.10.1002/adma.201706962Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[27] Lee YW, Kim M, Kang SW, Han SW. Polyhedral bimetallic alloy nanocrystals exclusively bound by {110} facets: au-Pd rhombic dodecahedra. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2011;50:3466–70.10.1002/anie.201007220Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[28] Wang A, Li J, Zhang T. Heterogeneous single-atom catalysis. Nat Rev Chem. 2018;2:65–81.10.1038/s41570-018-0010-1Suche in Google Scholar
[29] Jana NR, Gearheart L, Murphy CJ. Evidence for seed-mediated nucleation in the chemical reduction of gold salts to gold nanoparticles. Chem Mater. 2001;13:2313–22.10.1021/cm000662nSuche in Google Scholar
[30] Henning AM, Watt J, Miedziak PJ, Cheong S, Santonastaso M, Song M, et al. Gold-palladium core-shell nanocrystals with size and shape control optimized for catalytic performance. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2013;52:1477–80.10.1002/anie.201207824Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[31] Markov IV. Crystal growth for beginners: fundamentals of nucleation. Singapore: World Scientific, 2003.10.1142/5172Suche in Google Scholar
[32] Lu C-L, Prasad KS, Wu H-L, Ho J-AA, Huang MH. Au nanocube-directed fabrication of Au-Pd core-shell nanocrystals with tetrahexahedral, concave octahedral, and octahedral structures and their electrocatalytic activity. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:14546–53.10.1021/ja105401pSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[33] Yang C-W, Chanda K, Lin P-H, Wang Y-N, Liao C-W, Huang MH. Fabrication of Au-Pd core-shell heterostructures with systematic shape evolution using octahedral nanocrystal cores and their catalytic activity. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:19993–20000.10.1021/ja209121xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[34] Wang F, Li C, Sun L-D, Wu H, Ming T, Wang J, et al. Heteroepitaxial growth of high-index-faceted palladium nanoshells and their catalytic performance. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:1106–11.10.1021/ja1095733Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[35] Liu H, Qu J, Chen Y, Li J, Ye F, Lee JY, et al. Hollow and cage-bell structured nanomaterials of noble metals. J Am Chem Soc. 2012;134:11602–10.10.1021/ja302518nSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[36] DeSantis CJ, Sue AC, Bower MM, Skrabalak SE. Seed-mediated co-reduction: A versatile route to architecturally controlled bimetallic nanostructures. ACS Nano. 2012;6:2617–28.10.1021/nn2051168Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[37] Torigoe K, Esumi K. Preparation of bimetallic silver-palladium colloids from silver(I) bis(oxalato)palladate(II). Langmuir. 1993;9:1664–7.10.1021/la00031a011Suche in Google Scholar
[38] Torigoe K, Nakajima Y, Esumi K. Preparation and characterization of colloidal silver-platinum alloys. J Phys Chem. 1993;97:8304–9.10.1021/j100133a029Suche in Google Scholar
[39] Xu J, Liu X, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Lu T, Tang Y. Platinum-Cobalt alloy networks for methanol oxidation electrocatalysis. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:23659–67.10.1039/c2jm35649jSuche in Google Scholar
[40] Zhang L, Wan L, Ma Y, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Tang Y, et al. Crystalline palladium-cobalt alloy nanoassemblies with enhanced activity and stability for the formic acid oxidation reaction. Appl Catal B Environ. 2013;138:229–35.10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.02.051Suche in Google Scholar
[41] Zheng H, Smith RK, Jun Y-W, Kisielowski C, Dahmen U, Alivisatos AP. Observation of single colloidal platinum nanocrystal growth trajectories. Science. 2009;324:1309–12.10.1126/science.1172104Suche in Google Scholar
[42] Wang DS, Xie T, Peng Q, Zhang SY, Chen J, Li YD. Direct thermal decomposition of metal nitrates in octadecylamine to metal oxide nanocrystals. Chem A Eur J. 2008;14:2507–13.10.1002/chem.200701668Suche in Google Scholar
[43] Wang D, Li Y. One-Pot protocol for Au-based hybrid magnetic nanostructures via a noble-metal-induced reduction process. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:6280–1.10.1021/ja100845vSuche in Google Scholar
[44] Herrero E, Buller LJ, Abruña HD. Underpotential deposition at single crystal surfaces of Au, Pt, Ag and other materials. Chem Rev. 2001;101:1897–930.10.1021/cr9600363Suche in Google Scholar
[45] Kokkinidis G. Underpotential deposition and electrocatalysis. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial. 1986;201:217–36.10.1016/0022-0728(86)80051-1Suche in Google Scholar
[46] Szabó S. Underpotential deposition of metals on foreign metal substrates. Int Rev Phys Chem. 1991;10:207–48.10.1080/01442359109353258Suche in Google Scholar
[47] Zhang L, Zhang J, Kuang Q, Xie S, Jiang Z, Xie Z, et al. Cu2+-assisted synthesis of hexoctahedral Au-Pd alloy nanocrystals with high-index facets. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:17114–7.10.1021/ja2063617Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[48] Jiang Y, Jia Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Huang H, Xie Z, et al. Underpotential deposition‐induced synthesis of composition-tunable Pt-Cu Nanocrystals and their catalytic properties. Chem A Eur J. 2013;19:3119–24.10.1002/chem.201203729Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[49] Carino EV, Crooks RM. Characterization of Pt@Cu core@shell dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles synthesized by Cu underpotential deposition. Langmuir. 2011;27:4227–35.10.1021/la2001915Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[50] Yu Y, Hu Y, Liu X, Deng W, Wang X. The study of Pt@Au electrocatalyst based on Cu underpotential deposition and Pt redox replacement. Electrochim Acta. 2009;54:3092–7.10.1016/j.electacta.2008.12.004Suche in Google Scholar
[51] Shao M, Sasaki K, Marinkovic N, Zhang L, Adzic R. Synthesis and characterization of platinum monolayer oxygen-reduction electrocatalysts with Co-Pd core-shell nanoparticle supports. Electrochem Commun. 2007;9:2848–53.10.1016/j.elecom.2007.10.009Suche in Google Scholar
[52] Yancey DF, Carino EV, Crooks RM. Electrochemical synthesis and electrocatalytic properties of Au@Pt dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:10988–9.10.1021/ja104677zSuche in Google Scholar
[53] Zhai J, Huang M, Dong S. Electrochemical designing of Au/Pt core shell nanoparticles as nanostructured catalyst with tunable activity for oxygen reduction. Electroanal. 2007;19:506–9.10.1002/elan.200603728Suche in Google Scholar
[54] Xia X, Wang Y, Ruditskiy A, Xia Y. 25th anniversary article: galvanic replacement: a simple and versatile route to hollow nanostructures with tunable and well-controlled propertiese. Adv Mater. 2013;25:6313–33.10.1002/adma.201302820Suche in Google Scholar
[55] Thota S, Wang Y, Zhao J. Colloidal Au-Cu alloy nanoparticles: synthesis, optical properties and applications. Mater Chem Front. 2018;2:1074–89.10.1039/C7QM00538ESuche in Google Scholar
[56] Sun Y, Xia Y. Mechanistic study on the replacement reaction between silver nanostructures and chloroauric acid in aqueous medium. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126:3892–901.10.1021/ja039734cSuche in Google Scholar
[57] Esumi K, Tano T, Torigoe K, Meguro K. Preparation and characterization of bimetallic palladium-copper colloids by thermal decomposition of their acetate compounds in organic solvents. Chem Mater. 1990;2:564–7.10.1021/cm00011a019Suche in Google Scholar
[58] Hermans S, Raja R, Thomas JM, Johnson BFG, Sankar G, Gleeson D. Solvent-free, low-temperature, selective hydrogenation of polyenes using a bimetallic nanoparticle Ru-Sn catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2001;40:1211–5.10.1002/1521-3773(20010401)40:7<1211::AID-ANIE1211>3.0.CO;2-PSuche in Google Scholar
[59] Thomas JM, Johnson BFG, Raja R, Sankar G, Midgley PA. High-performance nanocatalysts for single-step hydrogenations. Acc Chem Res. 2003;36:20–30.10.1021/ar990017qSuche in Google Scholar
[60] Thomas JM. Bimetallic catalysts and their relevance to the hydrogen economy. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2003;42:1563–70.10.1021/ie0206610Suche in Google Scholar
[61] Rutledge RD, Morris WH, Wellons MS, Gai Z, Shen J, Bentley J, et al. Formation of FePt nanoparticles having high coercivity. J Am Chem Soc. 2006;128:14210–1.10.1021/ja0633868Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[62] Robinson I, Zacchini S, Tung LD, Maenosono S, Thanh NTK. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoalloys from bimetallic carbonyl clusters. Chem Mater. 2009;21:3021–6.10.1021/cm9008442Suche in Google Scholar
[63] Sun S, Murray CB, Weller D, Folks L, Moser A. Monodisperse FePt nanoparticles and ferromagnetic FePt nanocrystal superlattices. Science. 2000;287:1989–92.10.1126/science.287.5460.1989Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[64] Sun S. Recent advances in chemical synthesis, self-assembly, and applications of FePt nanoparticles. Adv Mater. 2006;18:393–403.10.1002/adma.200501464Suche in Google Scholar
[65] Bönnemann H, Brand RA, Brijoux W, Hofstadt HW, Frerichs M, Kempter V, et al. Air stable Fe and Fe-Co magnetic fluids-synthesis and characterization. Appl Organomet Chem. 2005;19:790–6.10.1002/aoc.896Suche in Google Scholar
[66] Ueda Y, Ito M. Magnetoresistance in Co-Cu alloy films formed by electrodeposition method. Jpn J Appl Phys. 1994;30:L1403.10.1143/JJAP.33.L1403Suche in Google Scholar
[67] Mohanty US. Electrodeposition: a versatile and inexpensive tool for the synthesis of nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, and nanoclusters of metals. J Appl Electrochem. 2010;41:257–70.10.1007/s10800-010-0234-3Suche in Google Scholar
[68] Lu D-L, Domen K, Tanaka K-I. Electrodeposited Au-Fe, Au-Ni, and Au-Co Alloy nanoparticles from aqueous electrolytes. Langmuir. 2002;18:3226–32.10.1021/la010715vSuche in Google Scholar
[69] Chen A, Holt-Hindle P. Platinum-based nanostructured materials: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chem Rev. 2010;110:3767–804.10.1021/cr9003902Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[70] Lu D-L, Tanaka K-I. Gold particles deposited on electrodes in salt solutions under different potentials. J Phys Chem. 1996;100:1833–7.10.1021/jp952183vSuche in Google Scholar
[71] Huang H, Yang X. One-step, shape control synthesis of gold nanoparticles stabilized by 3-thiopheneacetic acid. Colloids Surf A. 2005;255:11–7.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.12.020Suche in Google Scholar
[72] OFinot M, Braybrook GD, TMcDermott M. Characterization of electrochemically deposited gold nanocrystals on glassy carbon electrodes. J Electroan Chem. 1999;466:234–41.10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00154-0Suche in Google Scholar
[73] Baber S, Zhou M, Lin QL, Naalla M, Jia QX, Lu Y, et al. Nanoconfined surfactant templated electrodeposition to porous hierarchical nanowires and nanotubes. Nanotechnol. 2010;21:165603.10.1088/0957-4484/21/16/165603Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[74] Saedi A, Ghorbani M. Electrodeposition of Ni-Fe-Co alloy nanowire in modified AAO template. Mater Chem Phys. 2005;91:417–23.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.12.001Suche in Google Scholar
[75] Valizadeh S, Hultman L, George JM, Leisner P. Template synthesis of Au/Co multilayered nanowires by electrochemical deposition. Adv Funct Mater. 2002;12:766–72.10.1002/adfm.200290005Suche in Google Scholar
[76] Xu F, Zhao L, Zhao F, Deng L, Hu L, Zeng B. Electrodeposition of AuPdCu alloy nanoparticles on a multiwalled carbon nanotube coated glassy carbon electrode for the electrocatalytic oxidation and determination of hydrazine. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2014;9:2832–47.Suche in Google Scholar
[77] Quan X, Mei Y, Xu H, Sun B, Zhang X. Optimization of Pt-Pd alloy catalyst and supporting materials for oxygen reduction in air-cathode microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta. 2015;165:72–7.10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.235Suche in Google Scholar
[78] Cui H-F, Ye J-S, Liu X, Zhang W-D, Sheu F-S. Pt-Pb alloy nanoparticle/carbon nanotube nanocomposite: a strong electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation. Nanotechnol. 2006;17:2334–9.10.1088/0957-4484/17/9/043Suche in Google Scholar
[79] Xiao F, Zhao F, Zeng J, Zeng B. Novel alcohol sensor based on PtRuNi ternary alloy nanoparticles-multi-walled carbon nanotube-ionic liquid composite coated electrode. Electrochem Commun. 2009;11:1550–3.10.1016/j.elecom.2009.05.060Suche in Google Scholar
[80] Muntean R. Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with Pt-Co alloy nanoparticles as catalysts for electrochemical cell applications. i. synthesis and structural characterization. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2017;12:4597–609.10.20964/2017.05.25Suche in Google Scholar
[81] Thota S, Chen S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zou S, Zhao J. Structural defect induced peak splitting in gold-copper bimetallic nanorods during growth by single particle spectroscopy. Nanoscale. 2015;7:14652–8.10.1039/C5NR03979GSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[82] Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Echlin P, Joy DC, Fiori C, Lifshin E. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis || image formation in the scanning electron microscope. Boston, MA, USA: Springer, 1981.10.1007/978-1-4613-3273-2Suche in Google Scholar
[83] Pennycook SJ, Jesson DE. High-resolution Z-contrast imaging of crystals. Ultramicroscopy. 1991;37:14–38.10.1016/0304-3991(91)90004-PSuche in Google Scholar
[84] Allen S, Davies MC, Roberts CJ, Tendler SJB, Williams PM. Atomic force microscopy in analytical biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 1997;15:101–5.10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01015-9Suche in Google Scholar
[85] Chen CJ. Introduction to scanning tunneling microscopy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993.Suche in Google Scholar
[86] Swartz WE, Jr X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 1973;45:788A-800a.10.1021/ac60331a001Suche in Google Scholar
[87] Koyasu K, Mitsui M, Nakajima A, Kaya K. Photoelectron spectroscopy of palladium-doped gold cluster anions; AunPd- (n= 1-4). Chem Phys Lett. 2002;358:224–30.10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00562-6Suche in Google Scholar
[88] Zhang J, Xu Y, Zhang B. Facile synthesis of 3D Pd-P nanoparticle networks with enhanced electrocatalytic performance towards formic acid electrooxidation. Chem Commun. 2014;50:13451–3.10.1039/C4CC03282ASuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[89] Zhang J, Li K, Zhang B. Synthesis of dendritic Pt-Ni-P alloy nanoparticles with enhanced electrocatalytic properties. Chem Commun. 2015;51:12012–5.10.1039/C5CC04277ASuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[90] Koningsberger DC, Prins R. X-ray absorption: principles, applications, techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES. Hobeken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 1988.Suche in Google Scholar
[91] Yano J, Yachandra VK. X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Photosyn Res. 2009;102:241–54.10.1007/s11120-009-9473-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[92] Goldstein JI, Newbury DE, Echlin P, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Lifshin E, et al. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis || special topics in electron beam X-Ray microanalysis. Boston, MA, USA: Springer, 2003.10.1007/978-1-4615-0215-9Suche in Google Scholar
[93] Haiss W, Thanh NTK, Aveyard J, Fernig DG. Determination of size and concentration of gold nanoparticles from UV− Vis spectra. Anal Chem. 2007;79:4215–21.10.1021/ac0702084Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[94] Han SW, Kim Y, Kim K. Dodecanethiol-derivatized Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles: TEM, UV/ VIS,XPS, and FTIR analysis. J Colloid Interface Sci. 1998;208:272–8.10.1006/jcis.1998.5812Suche in Google Scholar
[95] Ma M, Zhang Y, Yu W, Shen H-Y, Zhang H-Q, Gu N. Preparation and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles coated by amino silane. Colloids Surf A. 2003;212:219–26.10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00305-9Suche in Google Scholar
[96] Badia A, Singh S, Demers L, Cuccia L, Brown GR, Lenno RB. Self-assembled monolayers on gold nanoparticles. Chem A Eur J. 1996;2:359–63.10.1002/chem.19960020318Suche in Google Scholar
[97] Liu X, Wang A, Li L, Zhang T, Mou C-Y, Lee J-F. Structural changes of Au-Cu bimetallic catalysts in CO oxidation: in situ XRD, EPR, XANES, and FT-IR characterizations. J Catal. 2011;278:288–96.10.1016/j.jcat.2010.12.016Suche in Google Scholar
[98] Bradley JS, Millar JM, Hill EW. Surface chemistry on colloidal metals: a high-resolution NMR study of carbon monoxide adsorbed on metallic palladium crystallites in colloidal suspension. J Am Chem Soc. 1991;113:4016–7.10.1021/ja00010a067Suche in Google Scholar
[99] Zhou H, Du F, Li X, Zhang B, Li W, Yan B. Characterization of organic molecules attached to gold nanoparticle surface using high resolution magic angle spinning 1H NMR. J Phyl Chem C. 2008;112:19360–6.10.1021/jp806907cSuche in Google Scholar
[100] Liu X, Yu M, Kim H, Mameli M, Stellacci F. Determination of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle ligand-shell morphology using NMR. Nat Commun. 2012;3:1182.10.1038/ncomms2155Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[101] Lee J, Mahendra S, Alvarez PJJ. Nanomaterials in the construction industry: a review of their applications and environmental health and safety considerations. ACS Nano. 2010;4:3580–90.10.1021/nn100866wSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[102] Kim H-A, Choi YJ, Kim K-W, Lee B-T, Ranville JF. Nanoparticles in the environment: stability and toxicity. Rev Environ Health. 2012;27:175–9.10.1515/reveh-2012-0025Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[103] Badawy AME, Luxton TP, Silva RG, Scheckel KG, Suidan MT, Tolaymat TM. Impact of environmental conditions (ph, ionic strength, and electrolyte type) on the surface charge and aggregation of silver nanoparticles suspensions. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44:1260–6.10.1021/es902240kSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[104] Robertson TA, Sanchez WY, Roberts MS Are commercially available nanoparticles safe when applied to the skin? J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2010;6:452–68.10.1166/jbn.2010.1145Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[105] Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J. Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:823–39.10.1289/ehp.7339Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[106] Wu S, Sun Y. In situ techniques for probing kinetics and mechanism of hollowing nanostructures through direct chemical transformations. Small Methods. 2018;2:1800165.10.1002/smtd.201800165Suche in Google Scholar
[107] Luo M, Guo S. Strain-controlled electrocatalysis on multimetallic nanomaterials. Nat Rev Mater. 2017;2:17059.10.1038/natrevmats.2017.59Suche in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Controllable design, synthesis and characterization of nanostructured rare earth metal oxides
- From waste/residual marine biomass to active biopolymer-based packaging film materials for food industry applications – a review
- Investigation of the aromaticity of mono, di, tri and tetraazaphenanthrene derivatives
- Synthesis and characterization of size controlled alloy nanoparticles
- Polymethine dyes
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Controllable design, synthesis and characterization of nanostructured rare earth metal oxides
- From waste/residual marine biomass to active biopolymer-based packaging film materials for food industry applications – a review
- Investigation of the aromaticity of mono, di, tri and tetraazaphenanthrene derivatives
- Synthesis and characterization of size controlled alloy nanoparticles
- Polymethine dyes