Factorial design assisted electrochemical detection of cypermethrin using molecularly imprinted polyaniline
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Kavirajaa Pandian Sambasevam
,
Siti Nor Atika Baharin
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CYP), a widely used pyrethroid insecticide, poses significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems due to its extensive application. Despite the advantages of electrochemical sensors, such as simplicity, rapid response, and ease of use, the electrochemically inactive nature of CYP presents a major challenge for direct detection. In this study, a molecularly imprinted polyaniline (MIPANI)-based electrochemical sensor was developed for the sensitive detection of CYP using a label-based approach. A redox probe, potassium ferrocyanide/ferricyanide, was employed to generate signals based on the presence or absence of CYP at the sensor’s electroactive surface, enabling quantitative analysis from aqueous samples. Unlike previous studies relying on one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approaches, a two-level factorial design was applied to optimize key parameters. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, R 2 = 0.9956) confirmed the significant influence of these factors, ensuring a robust and reliable sensor performance. The total electrochemically active surface area analysis confirmed that MIP-eluted exhibited the highest active area, outperforming MIP-rebinded and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) forms. The sensor demonstrated a linear response from 0.01 to 0.5 μM, with a low detection limit (LOD) of 70 nM. Additionally, it exhibited good reproducibility and excellent selectivity against common interfering pesticides.
Funding source: Kurita Water and Environment Foundation
Award Identifier / Grant number: 23Pmy174
Acknowledgments
Besides that, gratitude is extended to Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan for the financial support to attend the conference International Conference for Young Chemists 2024, Penang, Malaysia.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. K.P. Sambasevam: Conceptualization, Writing – Original draft, Supervision, Funding acquisition; S.N.A. Baharin: Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing; A. Zulkifli: Formal analysis, investigation; M. Raoov: Writing – Review & Editing; S. Asman: Writing – Review & Editing; A.H. Husaini: Methodology; T. Marimuthu: Writing – Review & Editing.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: Premium Quillbot licensed by Universiti Teknologi MARA was used to improvise the clarity of language throughout the manuscript.
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Conflict of interest: Not applicable.
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Research funding: This research was supported in full with Kurita Asia Research Grant (23Pmy174) provided by Kurita Water and Environment Foundation.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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© 2025 IUPAC & De Gruyter
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- Hydrochar as sustainable redox catalyst for advanced oxidation processes-based wastewater treatment
- Research Articles
- A comparative study of Cu(II) biosorption onto dried activated sludge of different sludge ages
- Detection of hexavalent chromium in solutions using optode membrane: fabrication and methods validation
- Effect of tin filler composition on porosity in tin-polydimethylsiloxane composites
- Acid-activated natural zeolite clinoptilolite functionalized with curcumin for superior methylene blue adsorption: insights into optimization, characterization, and adsorption mechanisms
- Factorial design assisted electrochemical detection of cypermethrin using molecularly imprinted polyaniline
- Photoluminescence studies on zinc-neodymium layered double hydroxide
- TMPTA crosslinker UV-grafted BPADA-BAPP polyimide thin films: thermo-chemical stability and structural characterization
- Development of chitosan/alginate/montmorillonite hydrogel microcomposite as adsorbent for paracetamol removal from waters
- Water responsive chitosan/polyacrylamide self-healable coating for polyethersulfone membrane
- Harnessing sporopollenin-based polymer membranes: an exploratory study on ciprofloxacin removal
- Synergistic mechanisms of ethanol and butanol in gasohol blends in 4-stroke SI engines for green sustainable energy solutions: revolutionizing engine efficiency, power output and emission reduction for net-zero transportation systems
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- Hydrochar as sustainable redox catalyst for advanced oxidation processes-based wastewater treatment
- Research Articles
- A comparative study of Cu(II) biosorption onto dried activated sludge of different sludge ages
- Detection of hexavalent chromium in solutions using optode membrane: fabrication and methods validation
- Effect of tin filler composition on porosity in tin-polydimethylsiloxane composites
- Acid-activated natural zeolite clinoptilolite functionalized with curcumin for superior methylene blue adsorption: insights into optimization, characterization, and adsorption mechanisms
- Factorial design assisted electrochemical detection of cypermethrin using molecularly imprinted polyaniline
- Photoluminescence studies on zinc-neodymium layered double hydroxide
- TMPTA crosslinker UV-grafted BPADA-BAPP polyimide thin films: thermo-chemical stability and structural characterization
- Development of chitosan/alginate/montmorillonite hydrogel microcomposite as adsorbent for paracetamol removal from waters
- Water responsive chitosan/polyacrylamide self-healable coating for polyethersulfone membrane
- Harnessing sporopollenin-based polymer membranes: an exploratory study on ciprofloxacin removal
- Synergistic mechanisms of ethanol and butanol in gasohol blends in 4-stroke SI engines for green sustainable energy solutions: revolutionizing engine efficiency, power output and emission reduction for net-zero transportation systems
