Method for the design and evaluation of binary sensitivity tests
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Cordula Wilrich
Dr. Cordula Wilrich studied Chemistry and graduated at the RWTH Aachen followed by a researcher position as Post-Doc at the Textile Research Institute (TRI) Princeton, NJ, USA. Back to Germany, Cordula Wilrich worked 3 years in industry before coming to the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in 2000. She started in the former division 2.1 Gases and Gas Plants and changed to Department 2 Chemical Safety Engineering (now Process- and Plant Safety) in 2007. Her tasks concern physico-chemical properties and physical hazards of chemicals and related risk assessment and mitigation measures. She is a member of the German Delegation to the UN Sub-Committee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), the German Committee on Hazardous Substances (AGS), and vice-chair of the German Commission on Process Safety (KAS).
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Peter-Th. Wilrich
Prof. Dr. Peter-Th. Wilrich studied Electrical Engineering in Hamburg and Aachen and graduated with a dissertation in the field of queuing theory. He then had a researcher position as Post-Doc at the Stanford University, CA, USA. From 1972, Peter Wilrich worked as professor for statistics at the RWTH Aachen. In 1976, he changed to Berlin where he worked as full professor at the Institute of Statistics and Econometrics at the Free University of Berlin until his retirement in 2002. During his time as chairman of ISO/TC 69/SC 6 from 1982 to 1999, the international standard ISO 5725 “Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results,” Part 1 to 6 was developed and published. From 1996 to 2000, Peter Wilrich chaired the board of directors of the German Statistical Society. In 2008, the German Statistical Society elected him as an honorary member. His fields of interest are problems of accuracy of measurement and experimental design, especially regarding interlaboratory tests, statistical quality control, and industrial applications of statistical methods.
Abstract
For many materials or specimen, their resistance to stress is an important (safety) characteristic. The target value is the event stress, i.e., the value of the stress at which the (adverse) event occurs. Depending on the test procedure and the test items, the event stress cannot always be measured directly but must be determined by binary sensitivity tests. A method for the evaluation of binary sensitivity tests based on the principle of Maximum Likelihood is presented and compared to other methods (traditionally) applied. Sensitivity testing of explosives and fatigue testing of metallic materials are used as real examples to illustrate application of the method and to compare actual results. The method presented delivers not only the estimate of the stress at any specified probability of the event but also the respective 95 % confidence interval. Application of the method is facilitated because it does not require the data to be obtained in a staircase procedure, can process any kind of input data (e.g., as measured or logarithmic), and does not require the stress levels to be equidistant. The method is easily applicable for any laboratory because it is implemented into an Excel file, which is made freely available at https://www.statistics-wilrich.info.
About the authors
Dr. Cordula Wilrich studied Chemistry and graduated at the RWTH Aachen followed by a researcher position as Post-Doc at the Textile Research Institute (TRI) Princeton, NJ, USA. Back to Germany, Cordula Wilrich worked 3 years in industry before coming to the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) in 2000. She started in the former division 2.1 Gases and Gas Plants and changed to Department 2 Chemical Safety Engineering (now Process- and Plant Safety) in 2007. Her tasks concern physico-chemical properties and physical hazards of chemicals and related risk assessment and mitigation measures. She is a member of the German Delegation to the UN Sub-Committee of Experts on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), the German Committee on Hazardous Substances (AGS), and vice-chair of the German Commission on Process Safety (KAS).
Prof. Dr. Peter-Th. Wilrich studied Electrical Engineering in Hamburg and Aachen and graduated with a dissertation in the field of queuing theory. He then had a researcher position as Post-Doc at the Stanford University, CA, USA. From 1972, Peter Wilrich worked as professor for statistics at the RWTH Aachen. In 1976, he changed to Berlin where he worked as full professor at the Institute of Statistics and Econometrics at the Free University of Berlin until his retirement in 2002. During his time as chairman of ISO/TC 69/SC 6 from 1982 to 1999, the international standard ISO 5725 “Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results,” Part 1 to 6 was developed and published. From 1996 to 2000, Peter Wilrich chaired the board of directors of the German Statistical Society. In 2008, the German Statistical Society elected him as an honorary member. His fields of interest are problems of accuracy of measurement and experimental design, especially regarding interlaboratory tests, statistical quality control, and industrial applications of statistical methods.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Silke Schwarz and Dr. Mauro Madia (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) and Dr. Holger Krebs (formerly Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) for providing background information on the test methods presented in Section 8 and for answering our questions to that regard and for providing the data on impact sensitivity testing of explosives as presented in Subsection 8.1.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Cordula Wilrich and Peter-Th. Wilrich share first authorship.
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Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
References
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Crushing performance of an additively manufactured bio-inspired hybrid energy absorption profile
- Implant bone screw characteristics of a printed PLA-based material
- Effect of deformation on the mechanical property of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel refined by closed-dual equal channel angular pressing
- Effect of post-oxidation times in the nitrocarburizing process on the wear behavior of an AISI 4140 steel
- Production of (B4C+FeTi) reinforced and Fe based composites by mechanical alloying
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- Microstructure evolution of AlSi10Mg alloy in RAP process
- Wear behaviour of titanium diboride and zirconium carbide reinforced LM13 hybrid composite for automotive applications
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- Optimization of vehicle crashworthiness problems using recent twelve metaheuristic algorithms
- Development of zeolite 5A-incorporated polyvinyl alcohol membrane for desalination by pervaporation
- Characterization of bauxite residue filled sisal/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites for structural applications
- Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/AZ61 Mg alloy surface composite developed using friction stir processing and groove reinforcement filling processes
- Method for the design and evaluation of binary sensitivity tests
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Crushing performance of an additively manufactured bio-inspired hybrid energy absorption profile
- Implant bone screw characteristics of a printed PLA-based material
- Effect of deformation on the mechanical property of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel refined by closed-dual equal channel angular pressing
- Effect of post-oxidation times in the nitrocarburizing process on the wear behavior of an AISI 4140 steel
- Production of (B4C+FeTi) reinforced and Fe based composites by mechanical alloying
- Tensile strength of friction stir additive manufactured laminated AA 6061/TiC/GS composites
- Microstructure evolution of AlSi10Mg alloy in RAP process
- Wear behaviour of titanium diboride and zirconium carbide reinforced LM13 hybrid composite for automotive applications
- Influence of post heat treatment on tribological and microstructural properties of plasma wire arc additive manufactured maraging steels
- Artificial neural network infused quasi oppositional learning partial reinforcement algorithm for structural design optimization of vehicle suspension components
- Optimization of vehicle conceptual design problems using an enhanced hunger games search algorithm
- Optimization of vehicle crashworthiness problems using recent twelve metaheuristic algorithms
- Development of zeolite 5A-incorporated polyvinyl alcohol membrane for desalination by pervaporation
- Characterization of bauxite residue filled sisal/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites for structural applications
- Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/AZ61 Mg alloy surface composite developed using friction stir processing and groove reinforcement filling processes
- Method for the design and evaluation of binary sensitivity tests
