Cavitation resistance of Stellite 21 coatings tungsten inert gas (TIG) deposited onto duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3

Ion Mitelea; Ilare Bordeaşu; Daniel Mutaşcu; Dragos Buzdugan; Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu

doi:10.1515/mt-2021-2169

Article

Cavitation resistance of Stellite 21 coatings tungsten inert gas (TIG) deposited onto duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3

Ion Mitelea
Ion Mitelea (1946) is currently a Professor of Materials Science, Materials and Heat Treatments for Welded Structures and Selection and Use of Engineering Materials at the University Politehnica Timisoara, Romania.
, Ilare Bordeaşu
Ilare Bordeaşu (1959) is currently a Professor in Mechanical Machines, Equipment and Transportation Department at the University Politehnica Timisoara.
, Daniel Mutaşcu
Daniel Mutaşcu (1994) is a PhD student in Materials Engineering at the University Politehnica Timisoara. He performs his research experiments under the coordination of Prof. Mitelea.
, Dragos Buzdugan
Dragos Buzdugan (1984) is currently a lecturer within Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Department at the University Politehnica Timisoara.
and Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu
Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu (1960) is a Professor of Materials Science at the Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering at the University Politehnica Timisoara. His main research area is magnetic shape memory alloys.

Published/Copyright: July 7, 2022

Published by

Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Submit Manuscript Author Information

From the journal Materials Testing Volume 64 Issue 7

Abstract

Cobalt-based alloys, called Stellite, have a microstructure consisting of complex carbides dispersed in a Co-based solid solution matrix. These alloys are resistant to corrosion, erosion through cavitation, abrasive, and sliding wear. To increase the erosion resistance through cavitation, hardfacing of the stainless steel duplex X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 with Stellite 21 alloy was performed using the pulsed tungsten inert gas (TIG) process. The positive effects of the hardfacing process are the low heat input, reduced distortions, controlled volume of the weld, and reduced susceptibility to hot cracking. The effect of dilution is essential for the quality of the deposited layers and, in this sense, the TIG pulsed current welding process was performed to reduce the excess linear energy and implicitly the substrate melting. Iron dilution levels were in the range between 5.9 and 6.1. The higher Fe content in the first layer does not significantly reduce its hardness or wear resistance through erosion cavitation. Compared with the substrate material, the cavity erosion resistance increases 7 to 11 times even in the first layer hardened by the TIG pulsed current welding process.

Keywords: cavitation erosion; duplex stainless steel; hardfacing; Stellite 21; TIG pulsed welding process

Corresponding author: Dragos Buzdugan, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara, 300006, Romania, E-mail: dragos.buzdugan@upt.ro

Funding source: Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006730

Award Identifier / Grant number: EEA-RO-NO-2018-0502

About the authors

Ion Mitelea

Ion Mitelea (1946) is currently a Professor of Materials Science, Materials and Heat Treatments for Welded Structures and Selection and Use of Engineering Materials at the University Politehnica Timisoara, Romania.

Ilare Bordeaşu

Ilare Bordeaşu (1959) is currently a Professor in Mechanical Machines, Equipment and Transportation Department at the University Politehnica Timisoara.

Daniel Mutaşcu

Daniel Mutaşcu (1994) is a PhD student in Materials Engineering at the University Politehnica Timisoara. He performs his research experiments under the coordination of Prof. Mitelea.

Dragos Buzdugan

Dragos Buzdugan (1984) is currently a lecturer within Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Department at the University Politehnica Timisoara.

Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu

Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu (1960) is a Professor of Materials Science at the Department of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering at the University Politehnica Timisoara. His main research area is magnetic shape memory alloys.

Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, UEFISCDI, grant EEA-RO-NO-2018-0502, is acknowledged.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

References

[1] L. A. Espitia and A. Toro, “Cavitation resistance, microstructure and surface topography of materials used for hydraulic components,” Tribol. Int., vol. 43, pp. 2037–2045, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2010.05.009.Search in Google Scholar

[2] B. G. Rhee and Η. Y. Sohn, “Metal alloy coatings: physical, wear-related, and other surface characteristics,” High Temp. Mater. Process., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 217–228, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1515/HTMP.2002.21.4.217.Search in Google Scholar

[3] P. M. Ajith, P. Sathiya, and S. Aravindan, “Characterization of microstructure, toughness, and chemical composition of friction-welded joints of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel,” Friction, vol. 2, pp. 82–91, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-014-0042-6.Search in Google Scholar

[4] A. Bhattacharya and P. M. Singh, “Stress corrosion cracking of welded 2205 duplex stainless steel in sulfide-containing caustic solution,” J. Fail. Anal. Prev., vol. 7, pp. 371–377, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-007-9069-6.Search in Google Scholar

[5] K. Chan and S. Tjong, “Effect of secondary phase precipitation on the corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steels,” Materials, vol. 7, pp. 5268–5304, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075268.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] D. H. Kang and H. W. Lee, “Study of the correlation between pitting corrosion and the component ratio of the dual phase in duplex stainless steel welds,” Corros. Sci., vol. 74, pp. 396–407, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.04.033.Search in Google Scholar

[7] P. J. Antony, R. K. Singh Raman, P. Kumar, and R. Raman, “Corrosion of 2205 duplex stainless steel weldment in chloride medium containing sulfate-reducing bacteria,” Metall. Mater. Trans., vol. 39, pp. 2689–2697, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9626-y.Search in Google Scholar

[8] J.-P. Franc and J.-M. Michel, Fundamentals of Cavitation, Dordrecht, SpringerLink, 2004.10.1007/1-4020-2233-6Search in Google Scholar

[9] J. D. Escobar, E. Velásquez, T. F. A. Santos, A. J. Ramirez, and D. López, “Improvement of cavitation erosion resistance of a duplex stainless steel through friction stir processing (FSP),” Wear, vol. 297, pp. 998–1005, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2012.10.005.Search in Google Scholar

[10] H. Mochizuki, M. Yokota, K. Sugiyama, M. Kisimoto, and S. Hattori, “Cavitation erosion resistance of austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel,” Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. A, vol. 74, pp. 605–610, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.74.605.Search in Google Scholar

[11] I. Mitelea, L. M. Micu, I. Bordeaşu, and C. M. Crăciunescu, “Cavitation erosion of sensitized UNS S31803 duplex stainless steels,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., vol. 25, pp. 1939–1944, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2045-0.Search in Google Scholar

[12] J. Krawczyk, R. Jasionowski, D. Ura, M. Goły, and Ł. Frocisz, “The effect of cavitation erosion on austenitic-ferritic steel,” Sci. J. Marit. Univ. Szczecin., vol. 128, no. 56, pp. 30–35, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[13] I. Mitelea, I. D. Uţu, S. D. Urlan, and O. Karancsi, “Microstructure characterization and corrosion testing of MAG pulsed duplex stainless steel welds,” Mater. Test., vol. 59, pp. 642–646, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111054.Search in Google Scholar

[14] V. Balasubramanian, R. Varahamoorthy, C. S. Ramachandran, and C. Muralidharan, “Selection of welding process for hardfacing on carbon steels based on quantitative and qualitative factors,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 40, pp. 887–897, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1406-8.Search in Google Scholar

[15] M. Farhani, A. Amadeh, H. Kashani, and A. Saeed-Akbari, “The study of wear resistance of a hot forging die, hardfaced by a cobalt-base superalloy,” Mater. Forum, vol. 30, pp. 212–218, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

[16] A. Prakash and A. S. Shahi, “Investigations on high temperature wear and metallurgical characteristics of stellite 6 GTA (gas tungsten arc) weld claddings,” Mater. Res. Express, vol. 7, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6e2b.Search in Google Scholar

[17] G. P. Rajeev, M. Kamaraj, and S. R. Bakshi, “Hardfacing of AISI H13 tool steel with stellite 21 alloy using cold metal transfer welding process,” Surf. Coat. Technol., vol. 326, pp. 63–71, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.07.050.Search in Google Scholar

[18] A. S. C. M. D’Oliveira, R. Vilar, and C. G. Feder, “High temperature behaviour of plasma transferred arc and laser Co-based alloy coatings,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 201, pp. 154–160, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00621-9.Search in Google Scholar

[19] A. E. Yaedu and A. S. C. M. D’Oliveira, “Cobalt based alloy PTA hardfacing on different substrate steels,” Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 21, pp. 459–466, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1179/174328413X13789824293380.Search in Google Scholar

[20] K. Prasad Rao, R. Damodaram, H. Khalid Rafi, G. D. Janaki Ram, G. Madhusudhan Reddy, and R. Nagalakshmi, “Friction surfaced stellite6 coatings,” Mater. Charact., vol. 70, pp. 111–116, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2012.05.008.Search in Google Scholar

[21] S. Atamert, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, “Comparison of the microstructures and abrasive wear properties of stellite hardfacing alloys deposited by arc welding and laser cladding,” Metall. Trans. A, vol. 20, pp. 1037–1054, 1989, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02650140.Search in Google Scholar

[22] D. D. Deshmukh and V. D. Kalyankar, “Deposition characteristics of multitrack overlay by plasma transferred arc welding on SS316L with Co-Cr based alloy – influence of process parameters,” High Temp. Mater. Process., vol. 38, pp. 248–263, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2018-0046.Search in Google Scholar

[23] F. Madadi, F. Ashrafizadeh, and M. Shamanian, “Optimization of pulsed TIG cladding process of stellite alloy on carbon steel using RSM,” J. Alloys Compd., vol. 510, pp. 71–77, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.08.073.Search in Google Scholar

[24] I.-D. Utu, I. Mitelea, S. Urlan, and C. Crăciunescu, “Transformation and precipitation reactions by metal active gas pulsed welded joints from X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 duplex stainless steels,” Materials, vol. 9, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9070606.Search in Google Scholar

[25] R. R. Bharath, R. Ramanathan, B. Sundararajan, and P. B. Srinivasan, “Optimization of process parameters for deposition of stellite on X45CrSi93 steel by plasma transferred arc technique,” Mater. Des., vol. 29, pp. 1725–1731, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.03.020.Search in Google Scholar

[26] J. L. De Mol Van Otterloo and J. Th. M. De Hosson, “Microstructural features and mechanical properties of a cobalt-based laser coating,” Acta Mater., vol. 45, pp. 1225–1236, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00250-9.Search in Google Scholar

[27] K. Ishida and T. Nishizawa, “The Co-Cr (Cobalt-Chromium) system,” Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams, vol. 11, pp. 357–370, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02843315.Search in Google Scholar

[28] L. Remy and A. Pineau, “Twinning and strain-induced FCC. to H.C.P. transformation on the mechanical properties of Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys,” Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 26, pp. 123–132, 1977, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(77)90093-3.Search in Google Scholar

[29] K. J. Bhansali and A. E. Miller, “The role of stacking fault energy on galling and wear behavior,” Wear, vol. 75, pp. 241–252, 1982, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(82)90151-X.Search in Google Scholar

[30] R. Liu, J. H. Yao, Q. L. Zhang, M. X. Yao, and R. Collier, “Relations of chemical composition to solidification behavior and associated microstructure of stellite alloys,” Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal., vol. 4, pp. 146–157, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-015-0196-2.Search in Google Scholar

[31] H. Kashani, M. S. Laridjani, A. Amadeh, M. Khodagholi, and S. Ahmadzadeh, “The influence of volumetric dilution on the strain induced γ→ɛ martensitic transformation in GTAW processed Co–Cr–Mo alloy,” Mater. Sci. Eng., A, vol. 478, pp. 38–42, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.05.061.Search in Google Scholar

[32] A. S. C. M D’Oliveira, R. S. C. Paredes, and R. L. C. Santos, “Pulsed current plasma transferred arc hardfacing,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 171, pp. 167–174, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.269.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2022-07-07

Published in Print: 2022-07-26

You are currently not able to access this content.

Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2169

Keywords for this article

cavitation erosion; duplex stainless steel; hardfacing; Stellite 21; TIG pulsed welding process