Abstract
In the micro-hardness range of the load, the measurement is complicated by the occurrence of the Indentation Size Effect (ISE) – the measured value of the micro-hardness is affected by the value of the applied load. The paper aims to study the influence of the automatic testers on the character type and size of the ISE. Ten testers and five standard reference blocks were involved in the “round-robin test”. Parameters of the ISE were evaluated using Meyer’s, Hays–Kendall, and PSR methods and also by statistical methods (ANOVA, t-test, regression, and cluster analysis). Despite the assumptions, a statistically significant impact of the hardness tester was found not only on the measured value but also on the character and size of ISE.
Funding source: Slovak Grant Agency for Science
Award Identifier / Grant number: VEGA 1/0265/21
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: This work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA 1/0265/21.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
[1] Metallic Materials, Vickers Hardness Test. Part 1 Test Method, ISO Standard No. ISO 6507-1, Geneva, International Organization for Standardization, 2004.Suche in Google Scholar
[2] Metallic Materials. Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters, Part 1: Test Method, ISO Standard No. ISO 14577-1, Geneva, International Organization for Standardization, 2015.Suche in Google Scholar
[3] G.-Z. Voyiadjis and R. Peters, “Size effects in nanoindentation: an experimental and analytical study,” Acta Mech., vol. 211, nos. 1–2, pp. 131–153, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-009-0222-z.Suche in Google Scholar
[4] J. Gong, J. Wu, and Z. Guan, “Examination of the indentation size effect in low-load Vickers hardness testing of ceramics,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 19, no. 15, pp. 2625–2631, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(99)00043-6.Suche in Google Scholar
[5] K. Sangwal, B. Surowska, and P. Błaziak, “Analysis of the indentation size effect in the microhardness measurement of some cobalt-based alloys,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 511–520, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00086-X.Suche in Google Scholar
[6] X.-J. Ren, R.-M. Hooper, C. Griffiths, and J.-L. Henshall, “Indentation size effect in ceramics: correlation with H/E,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 1105–1106, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024947210604.10.1023/A:1024947210604Suche in Google Scholar
[7] D. Tabor, The Hardness of Metals, 1st ed., Oxford, UK, Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, Oxford University Press, 2000.Suche in Google Scholar
[8] J. Petrík and P. Palfy, “Variability of indentation size effect (ISE) of standard reference block,” J. Metrol. Soc. India, vol. 29, no. 29, pp. 43–50, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-013-0062-0.Suche in Google Scholar
[9] J. Gubicza, N. Rozlosnik, and A. Juhasz, “Comment on “Indentation size effect: reality or artefact?,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 1904–1905, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018526315035.10.1023/A:1018526315035Suche in Google Scholar
[10] K. Sangwal, “On the reverse indentation size effect and microhardness measure-ment of solids,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 145–152, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-0584(99)00216-3.Suche in Google Scholar
[11] V. Navrátil and J. Novotná, “Some problems of microhardness of metals,” J. Appl. Math., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 241–244, 2009.Suche in Google Scholar
[12] N. Li, L. Liu, and M. Zhang, “The role of friction to the indentation size effect in amor-phous and crystallized Pd-based alloy,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 3072–3076, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3407-x.Suche in Google Scholar
[13] F. George, V. Voort, R. Fowler, “Low load Vickers microindentation,” Adv. Mater. Process., vol. 170, no. 4, pp. 28–33, 2012.10.31399/asm.amp.2012-04.p028Suche in Google Scholar
[14 ] G. Golan, E. Rabinovich, A. Axelevitch, and A. Seidmana, “Thin films indentation size effect in microhardness measurements,” J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 317–325, 2000.Suche in Google Scholar
[15] S.-L. Rayar and P. Selvarajan, “Structural mechanical FTIR SHG and thermal studies of L-HTFA single crystals grown by solution method,” Recent Res. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 77–81, 2010.Suche in Google Scholar
[16] A. Ruban Kumar and S. Kalainathan, “Effect of magnetic field in the microhardness studies on calcium hydrogen phosphate crystals,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids, vol. 71, no. 10, pp. 1411–1415, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2010.06.009.Suche in Google Scholar
[17] J. Dusza and M. Steen, “Microhardness load size effect in individual grains of a gas pressure sintered silicon nitride,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 81, no. 11, pp. 3022–3024, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02732.x.Suche in Google Scholar
[18] S. Low, “State of the art of the conventional hardness measuring methods Rockwell, Brinell and Vickers,” J. Metrol. Soc. India, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 15–24, 2005.Suche in Google Scholar
[19] E. Tobolski, “Uncertainty in hardness testing,” Adv. Mater. Process., vol. 161, no. 5, pp. 25–27, 2003.Suche in Google Scholar
[20] Metallic Materials, Vickers Hardness Test. Part 2 Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines, ISO Standard No. ISO 6507-2, Geneva, International Organization for Standardization, 2004.Suche in Google Scholar
[21] J. Petrík, P. Palfy, P. Blaško, L. Girmanová, and M. Havlík, “The indentation size effect (ISE) and the speed of the indenter penetration into test piece,” Manuf. Technol., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 771–777, 2016, https://doi.org/10.21062/ujep/x.2016/a/1213-2489/MT/16/4/771.Suche in Google Scholar
[22] Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Work Group, Measurement Systems Analysis, 4th ed., Southfield Michigan, Chrysler Group LLC Ford Motor Company General Motors Corporation Supplier Quality Requirements Task Force and AIAG, 2010.Suche in Google Scholar
[23] H. Kim and T. Kim, “Measurement of hardness on traditional ceramics,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1437–1445, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00457-5.Suche in Google Scholar
[24] A.-K. Agrawal, “Estimation of the uncertainty in chemical measurements,” J. Metrol. Soc. India, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 217–224, 2008.Suche in Google Scholar
[25] H.-H. Ebtisam, M.-S. Khaled, and A.-E. Aly, “Study of impact energy and hardness on rein-forced polymeric composites,” J. Metrol. Soc. India, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 239–243, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12647-010-0022-x.Suche in Google Scholar
[26] J. Petrík, “The micro-hardness of heat treated carbon steel,” Mater. Sci. Medžiagotyra, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 21–24, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.20.1.4017.Suche in Google Scholar
[27] J. Petrík, “The influence of the load on the microhardness,” Acta Metall. Slovaca, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 207–216, 2011.Suche in Google Scholar
[28] J.-H. McDonald, Handbook of Biological Statistics, 3rd ed., Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Sparky House Publishing, 2014.Suche in Google Scholar
[29] A. Aakre, Statistical Functions and Tools in Microsoft Excel, Trondheim, Norway, 2004 [Online]. Available at: http://trafikk.info/evu_tt_oslo_2007/litteratur/excel_all_statistical_functions_and_tools_a5.pdf [accessed: May 18, 2015].Suche in Google Scholar
[30] J. Halčinová and P. Trebuňa, “Cluster analysis in the software statistica,” in The 15th International Scientific Conference: Trends and Innovative Approaches in Business Processes, 2012, pp. 1–5.Suche in Google Scholar
[31] O. Yim and K.-T. Baraly, “Hierarchical cluster analysis comparison of three linkage measures and application to psychological data,” Quant. Methods Psychol., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 8–21, 2015, https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.11.1.p008.Suche in Google Scholar
[32] J. E. Hoffmann, M. T. Schmitt, D. Eifler, T. Beck, P. Klär, and M. Saumer, “Bending deformation and indentation hardness of electrochemically deposited nanocrystalline,” Mater. Test., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1041–1049, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111259.Suche in Google Scholar
[33] R. Papirno and H.-C. Weiss, ASTM Committee: Factors that Affect the Precision of Mechanical Tests, 1th ed., West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1989.10.1520/STP1025-EBSuche in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of a CoCrFeNiMo medium-entropy alloy
- Bilayer growth kinetics and tribological characterization of boronized AISI M2 steel
- Effect of graphene nanoplatelets on mechanical and impact properties of an aramid/glass-reinforced epoxy composite
- The effect of SiC content on microstructural and tribological properties of sintered B4C and SiC reinforced Al–Cu–Mg–Si matrix hybrid composites
- Effects of asymmetric tooth profile on single-tooth stiffness of polymer gears
- Hunger games search algorithm for global optimization of engineering design problems
- Alumina catalyst waste utilization for aluminum-based composites using the friction stir process
- Comparison of microstructure and wear behaviors of PTA coated AISI 304 with alumina, boron and ekaboron III powder
- Influence of testers on the ISE effect
- Crashworthiness design of heat treated vehicle parts with tailored properties
- Shape coefficient of impact-echo for small-size short cylinder/circular tube structures
- Resistance spot welding of Al6061 lap joints with a polyvinyl alcohol-bonded graphene interlayer
- Effect of reinforcement particle amounts on dry sliding wear behavior of shot-peened SiC/A356 composites
- Prediction and optimization of thrust force during the drilling of AISI 2080 steel
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of a CoCrFeNiMo medium-entropy alloy
- Bilayer growth kinetics and tribological characterization of boronized AISI M2 steel
- Effect of graphene nanoplatelets on mechanical and impact properties of an aramid/glass-reinforced epoxy composite
- The effect of SiC content on microstructural and tribological properties of sintered B4C and SiC reinforced Al–Cu–Mg–Si matrix hybrid composites
- Effects of asymmetric tooth profile on single-tooth stiffness of polymer gears
- Hunger games search algorithm for global optimization of engineering design problems
- Alumina catalyst waste utilization for aluminum-based composites using the friction stir process
- Comparison of microstructure and wear behaviors of PTA coated AISI 304 with alumina, boron and ekaboron III powder
- Influence of testers on the ISE effect
- Crashworthiness design of heat treated vehicle parts with tailored properties
- Shape coefficient of impact-echo for small-size short cylinder/circular tube structures
- Resistance spot welding of Al6061 lap joints with a polyvinyl alcohol-bonded graphene interlayer
- Effect of reinforcement particle amounts on dry sliding wear behavior of shot-peened SiC/A356 composites
- Prediction and optimization of thrust force during the drilling of AISI 2080 steel