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‘Stirred, not shaken’, Gerginoi Secret Agents in the Cypriot City-kingdoms, a Tale of Clearchus of Soli

  • Beatrice Pestarino ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 5, 2025
Klio
From the journal Klio Volume 107 Issue 2

Summary

This paper sheds light on the structure and composition of Cypriot courts during the Classical period by analyzing a fragment of Clearchus of Soli on flattery (Athenaeus Deipn. 6.255–6.257 = Clearch. fr. 19 Wehrli). This passage attests to the existence of a body of ‘secret agents’ – referred to by Clearchus as Gerginoi and Promalanges – whom he describes as court flatterers (kolakes). These individuals mingled among Cypriot citizens in markets and public squares, reporting their opinions to the anaktes, members of the elite and royal families. A comparable, albeit less covert, group of ‘agents’ may be referenced in a Phoenician dedication discovered in Kition (KAI 34), further supporting the argument that Clearchus’ account reflects a real court apparatus. His credibility is reinforced by his direct involvement in Solian elite circles, suggesting that such a system may have been widespread across Cypriot polities. Furthermore, this research aims to demonstrate that Clearchus’ choice of vocabulary – particularly the term Gerginoi – was deliberate, reflecting both the heterogeneous composition of the courts and an etiological interpretation of the island’s diverse communities. The Gerginoi may allude to the presence of Eteocypriots, an indigenous Cypriot population of uncertain origins, whose language is well attested in the Classical period, especially in the city-kingdom of Amathus, who may have intermingled with Phoenicians and Greeks over the centuries and served in the island’s royal palaces.

Keywords: Cypriot Courts; Secret Police; Clearchus of Soli; Gerginoi; Eteocypriots

Acknowledgements

This research benefited from the support of the Haifa Center for Mediterranean History (HCMH, University of Haifa) and of the CHS fellowship (Harvard University). In its final version, the paper owns a debt of gratitude to Prof. Gil Gambash (Haifa) for his comments and suggestions. The article was edited thanks to a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship, funded by Leverhulme Trust, at the University of Liverpool (ECF-2023-574).

  1. Funding: Funder Name: Leverhulme Trust

  2. Funder Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275

  3. Grant Number: ECF-2023-574

Abbreviations

CIS = E. Renan et al. (eds.), Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, Paris 1881–1968.Search in Google Scholar

ICS = O. Masson, Les Inscriptions Chypriotes Syllabiques. Recueil critique et comment, Paris 1983.Search in Google Scholar

IG XV 1.1 = A. Karnava – M. Perna – M. Egetmeyer (eds.), Inscriptiones Cypri syllabicae, Inscriptiones Amathuntis, Curii, Marii, Berlin 2020.Search in Google Scholar

I.Rhamnous = B. C. Petrakos, Ὁ Δῆμος τοῦ Ραμνοῦντος. Σύνοψη τῶν ἀνασκαφῶν καὶ τῶν ἐρευνῶν (1813–1998), II. Οἱ Ἐπιγραφές (Ἀθῆναι 1999).Search in Google Scholar

KAI = H. Donner – W. Röllig (eds.), Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften, Wiesbaden 1960–1964.Search in Google Scholar

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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Titelseiten
  2. Vorwort
  3. Aufsätze
  4. The Beginning of Evils (Herodotus 5.97) from a Persian Perspective
  5. ‘Stirred, not shaken’, Gerginoi Secret Agents in the Cypriot City-kingdoms, a Tale of Clearchus of Soli
  6. Das Asklepieion von Syrna und das große Erdbeben von 223/222 v. Chr.
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  20. Bradley Jordan, The magister equitum in the Roman Republic. The Evolution of an Extraordinary Magistracy, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter), 2024 (Klio. Beihefte – Neue Folge 38), XI, 174 S., ISBN 978-3-11-133858-3 (geb.), € 99,95
  21. Christian Reitzenstein-Ronning, Exil und Raum im antiken Rom, München (C.H.Beck) 2023 (Vestigia 76), IX, 486 S., ISBN 978-3-406-79944-0 (geb.), € 88,–
  22. Isidor Brodersen, Das Spiel mit der Vergangenheit in der Zweiten Sophistik, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2023 (Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge 86), 244 S., ISBN 978-3-515-13534-4 (geb.), € 49,–
  23. Tuomo Nuorluoto, Latin Female Cognomina. A Study on the Personal Names of Roman Women, Helsinki (Societas Scietiarium Fennica) 2023 (Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 146), 529 S., ISBN 978-951-653-498-8 (brosch.), € 77,–
  24. Franziska Schmidt-Dick (†), Typenatlas der römischen Reichsprägung von Augustus bis Aemilianus. Dritter Band: Tiere und Fabeltiere, Pflanzen, Gegenstände (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse, Denkschriften 537; Veröffentlichungen zur Numismatik 65), Wien (Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) 2024, 536 S., 86 Taf., ISBN 978-3-7001-8684-7 (geb.), € 198,–
https://doi.org/10.1515/klio-2025-0010
Keywords for this article
Cypriot Courts; Secret Police; Clearchus of Soli; Gerginoi; Eteocypriots

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Titelseiten
  2. Vorwort
  3. Aufsätze
  4. The Beginning of Evils (Herodotus 5.97) from a Persian Perspective
  5. ‘Stirred, not shaken’, Gerginoi Secret Agents in the Cypriot City-kingdoms, a Tale of Clearchus of Soli
  6. Das Asklepieion von Syrna und das große Erdbeben von 223/222 v. Chr.
  7. Un delicato equilibrio fra pianificazione e crisi. Riflessioni sul nesso fra partecipazione privata all’economia pubblica e gerarchizzazione nelle città greche ellenistiche
  8. Un revenant sur le site de l’antique Gitana (Thesprôtie). Le ‘district macédonien’
  9. Atene, Delo e Lemno nella sistemazione romana dell’Egeo all’indomani di Pidna
  10. Quasi effigies parvae simulacraque?: duoviri en las colonias romanas y latinas antes del Bellum Sociale
  11. Liberti and the Sulpician Laws of 88 BCE. A New Light on Freedmen Suffrage in the Roman Republic
  12. From Sophists to Philosophers. Written Discourse and Portraiture in the Imperial Graeco-Roman East
  13. Literaturkritik
  14. Holger Gzella, Aramäisch. Weltsprache des Altertums, München (C.H.Beck) 2023, 480 S., 30 Abb., 5 Kt., ISBN 978-3-406-79348-6 (geb.), € 36,–
  15. Daniel Fallmann, Der Rand der Welt. Die Vorstellungen der Griechen von den Grenzen der Welt in archaischer und klassischer Zeit, Göttingen (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht) 2024 (Hypomnemata), 501 S., 35 Abb., ISBN 978-3-525-30240-8 (geb.), € 100,–
  16. Josef Stauber, Repertorium der griechischen und lateinischen Inschriften aus Mysien:
  17. Fatih Onur – Christof Schuler (Hgg.), New Research on Greek Epigraphy in Lycia. Proceedings of the Symposium at Antalya, Türkiye 28–30 March 2022, Istanbul (Koç University Press) 2024, XIX, 314 S., ISBN 978-625-98302-1-6 (geb.), € 69,–
  18. Andrea Bernini, Comunicare tramite ostraca. Usi, testi e supporti dei reperti greci d’Egitto, Wiesbaden (Harrassowitz Verlag) 2024 (Philippika), XI, 274 S., 63 Abb., 7 Tab., ISBN 978-3-447-12162-0 (geb.), € 68,–
  19. Mariachiara Angelucci, Polemone di Ilio. I frammenti degli scritti periegetici. Introduzione, testo greco, traduzione e commento, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2022 (Geographica Historica 37), 301 S., ISBN 978-3-515-11789-0 (geb.), € 68,–
  20. Bradley Jordan, The magister equitum in the Roman Republic. The Evolution of an Extraordinary Magistracy, Berlin – Boston (De Gruyter), 2024 (Klio. Beihefte – Neue Folge 38), XI, 174 S., ISBN 978-3-11-133858-3 (geb.), € 99,95
  21. Christian Reitzenstein-Ronning, Exil und Raum im antiken Rom, München (C.H.Beck) 2023 (Vestigia 76), IX, 486 S., ISBN 978-3-406-79944-0 (geb.), € 88,–
  22. Isidor Brodersen, Das Spiel mit der Vergangenheit in der Zweiten Sophistik, Stuttgart (Franz Steiner Verlag) 2023 (Potsdamer Altertumswissenschaftliche Beiträge 86), 244 S., ISBN 978-3-515-13534-4 (geb.), € 49,–
  23. Tuomo Nuorluoto, Latin Female Cognomina. A Study on the Personal Names of Roman Women, Helsinki (Societas Scietiarium Fennica) 2023 (Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 146), 529 S., ISBN 978-951-653-498-8 (brosch.), € 77,–
  24. Franziska Schmidt-Dick (†), Typenatlas der römischen Reichsprägung von Augustus bis Aemilianus. Dritter Band: Tiere und Fabeltiere, Pflanzen, Gegenstände (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse, Denkschriften 537; Veröffentlichungen zur Numismatik 65), Wien (Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) 2024, 536 S., 86 Taf., ISBN 978-3-7001-8684-7 (geb.), € 198,–
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