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Who Permits Evil? Plantinga’s Free Will Defense and Kierkegaard’s Free Spirit Offense: In Search of a Coherent Theistic Solution to the Problem of Evil

  • Andrzej Słowikowski EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 14, 2022
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Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook
From the journal Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook Volume 27 Issue 1

Abstract

The aim of this essay is to create a coherent theistic model of a solution to the problem of evil. To this end, it is shown that the differences in Kierkegaard’s and Plantinga’s accounts of the problem of evil can be reconciled if looked at from a broader theistic perspective. This requires, on the one hand, that Plantinga’s immanent and logical vision be extended to include Kierkegaard’s spiritual and existential view of evil, and, on the other hand, that a correction be made to Kierkegaard’s view thereof, as a result of the way in which Plantinga presents the relationship between good and moral evil in the world. Consequently, in Plantinga’s Free Will Defense the existence of God is consistent with the existence of evil, not because God has a reason to permit evil in the world, but because evil as a real element of the temporal world does not come from God. In Kierkegaard’s Free Spirit Offense, in turn, the interpretative model applied demonstrates that the existence of moral good must be independent of the existence of spiritual evil, for otherwise the moral evil of immanence would not be able to be forgiven by the spiritual good of transcendence.

This article was completed thanks to external funding by the National Science Centre, Poland; project no 2016/23/D/HS1/02236. I would also like to thank the Bednarowski Trust Foundation for supporting my stay at the School of Critical Studies (University of Glasgow). Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. George Pattison for his kindness and help in making my considerations concerning Kierkegaard’s spiritual concept of good and evil clearer and better.

Online erschienen: 2022-07-14

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Title pages
  3. Preface
  4. Contents
  5. Section 1: Interpreting Kierkegaard’s Works
  6. Section 1:   Interpreting Kierkegaard’s Works
  7. Either/Or Read as Bildungsroman
  8. Wielding Fear and Trembling Against Religious Violence and Bigotry
  9. Repetition and the Art of Writing Novels
  10. Voice and Fertility, (Self‐)Impregnation and (Inter‐)Dependence: The Pseudonyms and their (Narratives about) Wives
  11. The Logic of Contemporaneity: On Anti-Climacus’s Philosophy of History
  12. “A Place of Rest at the Foot of the Altar”: Topological Categories and Correlations in Kierkegaard’s last Discourse at the Communion on Fridays
  13. Section 2: Concepts, Problems and Theories in Kierkegaard
  14. Section 2:   Concepts, Problems and Theories in Kierkegaard
  15. Kierkegaard’s View on Theater “with Continual References” to Contemporary Theater Theories
  16. Kierkegaard’s Hermeneutics of Anxiety and Agonistic Hermeneutics
  17. Kierkegaard’s Strong Anti-Rationalism: Offense as a Propaedeutic to Faith
  18. Kierkegaard’s Deontology of Love
  19. What Thinkers Call “the Other”
  20. Colossal Vacuums: Kierkegaard and the Rise of the Public in the Anthropocene
  21. Revolutionizing the Right to Revolt: Søren Kierkegaard and the Responsibility to Revolt
  22. ‚Für das Bestehende spendiert‘: Die Kategorie des Korrektivs als Instrument der schriftstellerischen und existentiellen Selbstpositionierung Kierkegaards
  23. Section 3: Kierkegaard’s Sources and Reception
  24. Section 3:   Kierkegaard’s Sources and Reception
  25. Time or Eternity? An Approach to the Kierkegaardian Notion of Spirit through the Movement of Finitude in Dialogue with Levinas
  26. Toward an Upbuilding Metapsychology: Kierkegaard, Lacan, and the Infinite Movement
  27. Who Permits Evil? Plantinga’s Free Will Defense and Kierkegaard’s Free Spirit Offense: In Search of a Coherent Theistic Solution to the Problem of Evil
  28. Law and Gospel, Distinction and Dialectic: C.F.W. Walther, Søren Kierkegaard, and the Rich Young Ruler
  29. Revisiting the Czech Reception of Kierkegaard in Early 20th Century
  30. Kierkegaard and Religionswissenschaft: A Source- and Reception-Historical Survey (Part 1)
  31. Section 4: Kierkegaard’s Contemporaries – Sources in Translation and Commentary
  32. Section 4:   Kierkegaard’s Contemporaries – Sources in Translation and Commentary
  33. Johan Ludvig Heiberg’s “On the Principle of the Beginning of History”
  34. Heiberg’s Article on History and Kierkegaard’s Critique
  35. Backmatter
  36. Abbreviations
https://doi.org/10.1515/kierke-2022-0018

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Title pages
  3. Preface
  4. Contents
  5. Section 1: Interpreting Kierkegaard’s Works
  6. Section 1:   Interpreting Kierkegaard’s Works
  7. Either/Or Read as Bildungsroman
  8. Wielding Fear and Trembling Against Religious Violence and Bigotry
  9. Repetition and the Art of Writing Novels
  10. Voice and Fertility, (Self‐)Impregnation and (Inter‐)Dependence: The Pseudonyms and their (Narratives about) Wives
  11. The Logic of Contemporaneity: On Anti-Climacus’s Philosophy of History
  12. “A Place of Rest at the Foot of the Altar”: Topological Categories and Correlations in Kierkegaard’s last Discourse at the Communion on Fridays
  13. Section 2: Concepts, Problems and Theories in Kierkegaard
  14. Section 2:   Concepts, Problems and Theories in Kierkegaard
  15. Kierkegaard’s View on Theater “with Continual References” to Contemporary Theater Theories
  16. Kierkegaard’s Hermeneutics of Anxiety and Agonistic Hermeneutics
  17. Kierkegaard’s Strong Anti-Rationalism: Offense as a Propaedeutic to Faith
  18. Kierkegaard’s Deontology of Love
  19. What Thinkers Call “the Other”
  20. Colossal Vacuums: Kierkegaard and the Rise of the Public in the Anthropocene
  21. Revolutionizing the Right to Revolt: Søren Kierkegaard and the Responsibility to Revolt
  22. ‚Für das Bestehende spendiert‘: Die Kategorie des Korrektivs als Instrument der schriftstellerischen und existentiellen Selbstpositionierung Kierkegaards
  23. Section 3: Kierkegaard’s Sources and Reception
  24. Section 3:   Kierkegaard’s Sources and Reception
  25. Time or Eternity? An Approach to the Kierkegaardian Notion of Spirit through the Movement of Finitude in Dialogue with Levinas
  26. Toward an Upbuilding Metapsychology: Kierkegaard, Lacan, and the Infinite Movement
  27. Who Permits Evil? Plantinga’s Free Will Defense and Kierkegaard’s Free Spirit Offense: In Search of a Coherent Theistic Solution to the Problem of Evil
  28. Law and Gospel, Distinction and Dialectic: C.F.W. Walther, Søren Kierkegaard, and the Rich Young Ruler
  29. Revisiting the Czech Reception of Kierkegaard in Early 20th Century
  30. Kierkegaard and Religionswissenschaft: A Source- and Reception-Historical Survey (Part 1)
  31. Section 4: Kierkegaard’s Contemporaries – Sources in Translation and Commentary
  32. Section 4:   Kierkegaard’s Contemporaries – Sources in Translation and Commentary
  33. Johan Ludvig Heiberg’s “On the Principle of the Beginning of History”
  34. Heiberg’s Article on History and Kierkegaard’s Critique
  35. Backmatter
  36. Abbreviations
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