Validation of a continuous measure of cardiometabolic risk among adolescents
-
Kaigang Li
,
Denise L. Haynie
Abstract
Objectives
We validated a continuous cardiometabolic risk (CMR) measure among adolescents.
Methods
Five metabolic syndrome (MetS) components including waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and mean arterial pressure were assessed in a national cohort of U.S. adolescents (n=560; 16.5 ± 0.5 y/o at baseline) in 10th grade (2010, Wave 1 (W1)), and follow-up assessments four (W4) and seven (W7) years later. Separately by wave, linear regressions were fitted to each MetS component controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, and yielded standardized residuals (Z-scores). Wave-specific component Z-scores were summed to obtain composite CMR Z-scores. Four- and seven-year CMR change (CMR-diff W1–W4 and W1–W7). and average CMR risk (CMR-avg; (W1 + W4)/2 and (W1 + W7)/2) were calculated using the CMR Z-scores. W7 MetS was determined using adult criteria. Student’s t-test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were conducted.
Results
Participants meeting the adult criteria for MetS at W7 (74 of 416, 17.8%) had statistically significant (p<0.01) higher values for W1 CMR Z-scores (0.92 vs. −0.21), W4 CMR Z-scores (1.69 vs. −0.28), W7 CMR Z-scores (2.21 vs. −0.55), W1–W4 CMR-avg (1.53 vs. −0.27), W1–W7 CMR-diff (1.29 vs. −0.21), and W1–W7 CMR-avg (1.46 vs. −0.48) than those not meeting MetS criteria. Most results were similar for males and females in the sex-stratified analyses. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.61, 0.71, and 0.75 for W1, W4 and W7 Z-scores.
Conclusions
Findings support the validity of the continuous CMR Z-scores calculated using linear regression in evaluating and monitoring CMR profiles from adolescence to early adulthood.
Funding source: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Award Identifier / Grant number: HHSN275201200001I
Research funding: This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (contract #HHSN275201200001I), and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), with supplemental support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
Author contributions: Kaigang Li: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing – Original Draft, Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing, Visualization; Denise Haynie: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing, Funding acquisition; Xiang Gao: Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing; Leah Lipsky: Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing; Tonja Nansel: Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing; Ronald Iannotti: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing, Funding acquisition; Federico E. Vaca: Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing; Bruce Simons-Morton: Investigation, Resources, Writing – Interpretation of Data, Review & Editing, Funding acquisition. All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
Ethical approval: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
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© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- Provocative growth hormone testing in children: how did we get here and where do we go now?
- Original Articles
- Mental and somatic health in university students with type 1 diabetes: new results from DiaSHoT18, a cross sectional national health and well-being survey
- Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes and their association with type 2 diabetes risk factors in children
- What is the relationship between obesity and new circadian rhythm parameters in Turkish children and adolescents? A case-control study
- Body fat distribution in trunk and legs are associated with cardiometabolic risk clustering among Chinese adolescents aged 10–18 years old
- Is overweight/obesity a risk factor for atopic allergic disease in prepubertal children? A case–control study
- Importance of individualizing treatment decisions in girls with central precocious puberty when initiating treatment after age 7 years or continuing beyond a chronological age of 10 years or a bone age of 12 years
- Blood pressure dynamics after pubertal suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs followed by estradiol treatment in transgender female adolescents: a pilot study
- Levels of physical activity and barriers to sport participation in young people with gender dysphoria
- Serum sclerostin concentration is associated with specific adipose, muscle and bone tissue markers in lean adolescent females with increased physical activity
- Validation of a continuous measure of cardiometabolic risk among adolescents
- Clinical characteristics and molecular genetic analysis of a cohort with idiopathic congenital hypogonadism
- The genetics and clinical manifestations of patients with vitamin D dependent rickets type 1A
- Switching from conventional therapy to burosumab injection has the potential to prevent nephrocalcinosis in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
- Case Reports
- Asymptomatic pituitary apoplexy induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone in a 14 year-old girl with Cushing’s disease
- Two patients from Turkey with a novel variant in the GM2A gene and review of the literature
- Familial hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis in an unusual and usual sites and dramatic improvement with the treatment of acetazolamide, sevelamer and topical sodium thiosulfate
- Pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis presenting with Streptococcus intermedius brain abscess
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Review Article
- Provocative growth hormone testing in children: how did we get here and where do we go now?
- Original Articles
- Mental and somatic health in university students with type 1 diabetes: new results from DiaSHoT18, a cross sectional national health and well-being survey
- Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes and their association with type 2 diabetes risk factors in children
- What is the relationship between obesity and new circadian rhythm parameters in Turkish children and adolescents? A case-control study
- Body fat distribution in trunk and legs are associated with cardiometabolic risk clustering among Chinese adolescents aged 10–18 years old
- Is overweight/obesity a risk factor for atopic allergic disease in prepubertal children? A case–control study
- Importance of individualizing treatment decisions in girls with central precocious puberty when initiating treatment after age 7 years or continuing beyond a chronological age of 10 years or a bone age of 12 years
- Blood pressure dynamics after pubertal suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs followed by estradiol treatment in transgender female adolescents: a pilot study
- Levels of physical activity and barriers to sport participation in young people with gender dysphoria
- Serum sclerostin concentration is associated with specific adipose, muscle and bone tissue markers in lean adolescent females with increased physical activity
- Validation of a continuous measure of cardiometabolic risk among adolescents
- Clinical characteristics and molecular genetic analysis of a cohort with idiopathic congenital hypogonadism
- The genetics and clinical manifestations of patients with vitamin D dependent rickets type 1A
- Switching from conventional therapy to burosumab injection has the potential to prevent nephrocalcinosis in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets
- Case Reports
- Asymptomatic pituitary apoplexy induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone in a 14 year-old girl with Cushing’s disease
- Two patients from Turkey with a novel variant in the GM2A gene and review of the literature
- Familial hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis in an unusual and usual sites and dramatic improvement with the treatment of acetazolamide, sevelamer and topical sodium thiosulfate
- Pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis presenting with Streptococcus intermedius brain abscess
