Startseite The influence of growth hormone therapy on the cardiovascular system in Turner syndrome
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

The influence of growth hormone therapy on the cardiovascular system in Turner syndrome

  • Kamil Dyrka , Nikola Rozkiewicz , Monika Obara-Moszynska ORCID logo EMAIL logo und Marek Niedziela ORCID logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 12. Oktober 2020
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Aus der Zeitschrift Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Band 33 Heft 11

Abstract

Short stature, ovarian dysgenesis, infertility, and cardiovascular malformations are classic features in Turner syndrome (TS), but the phenotypical spectrum is wide. Through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, TS patients have a chance to achieve satisfactory adult height and sexual development. The doses of recombinant growth hormone (rGH) used are usually higher than the substitution dose. The safety aspects of this therapy are very important, especially in terms of the cardiovascular system. The presented study aimed to analyze how the rGH therapy may influence the cardiovascular system in TS based on current literature data. We conducted a systematic search for studies related to TS, cardiovascular system, and rGH therapy. The results show that rGH seems to have a positive effect on lipid parameters, reducing the risk of ischemic disease. It is additionally optimized by estradiol therapy. Although rGH may increase insulin resistance, the metabolic derangement is rare, probably due to lower fat content and an increase in lean body mass. Several studies showed that rGH treatment could cause aorta widening or increase the aorta growth rate. IGF-1 can be independently associated with increased aortic diameters. The studies analyzing the impact of GH on blood pressure show conflicting data. The proper cardiovascular imaging before and during rGH treatment and detecting the known risk factors for aorta dissection in every individual is very important. The long-term effects of growth hormone treatment on the heart and arteries are still not available and clearly estimated and have to be monitored in the future.

Keywords: aorta; cardiovascular system; growth hormone; Turner syndrome
Corresponding author: Monika Obara-Moszynska PhD, MD, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences Szpitalna27/33 60-572Poznan, Poland, Phone: +48 61 8491 484, E-mail:

Kamil Dyrka and Nikola Rozkiewicz contributed equally to this article.

Monika Obara-Moszynska and Marek Niedziela are the senior authors.

  1. Research funding: None declared.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

1. Bondy, CA. Turner syndrome study group care of girls and women with turner syndrome: a guideline of the turner syndrome study group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:10–25. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1374.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Cui, X, Cui, Y, Shi, L, Luan, J, Zhou, X, Han, J. A basic understanding of Turner syndrome: incidence, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2018;7:223–8. https://doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2017.01056.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Viuff, MH, Stochholm, K, Uldbjerg, N, Nielsen, BB, Danish Fetal Medicine Study Group, Gravholt, CH. Only a minority of sex chromosome abnormalities are detected by a national prenatal screening program for Down syndrome. Hum Reprod (Oxford, England) 2015;30:2419–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev192.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

4. Stochholm, K, Juul, S, Juel, K, Naeraa, RW, Gravholt, CH. Prevalence, incidence, diagnostic delay, and mortality in Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3897–902. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0558.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Viuff, MH, Berglund, A, Juul, S, Andersen, NH, Stochholm, K, Gravholt, CH. Sex hormone replacement therapy in Turner Syndrome - impact on morbidity and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;105:468–78. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz039.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Elsheikh, M, Dunger, DB, Conway, GS, Wass, JA. Turner’s syndrome in adulthood. Endocr Rev 2002;23:120–40. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.23.1.0457.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Gravholt, CH, Landin-Wilhelmsen, K, Stochholm, K, Hjerrild, BE, Ledet, T, Djurhuus, CB, et al.. Clinical and epidemiological description of aortic dissection in Turner’s syndrome. Cardiol Young 2006;16:430–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951106000928.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Stochholm, K, Hjerrild, B, Mortensen, KH, Juul, S, Frydenberg, M, Gravholt, CH. Socioeconomic parameters and mortality in Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;166:1013–9. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-11-1066.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Gravholt, CH. Medical problems of adult Turner’s syndrome. Horm Res 2001;56:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1159/000048134.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Apperley, L, Das, U, Ramakrishnan, R, Dharmaraj, P, Blair, J, Didi, M, et al. Mode of clinical presentation and delayed diagnosis of Turner syndrome: a single Centre UK study. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol 2018;2018:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13633-018-0058-1.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

11. SA, K. Children with physical disabilities and health impairments. 10th ed. Boston= H Mifflin Company College Division; 2002. pp. 492–534.Suche in Google Scholar

12. Ramos-Leví, AM, Marazuela, M. Bringing cardiovascular comorbidities in acromegaly to an update. How should we diagnose and manage them?. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;10:120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00120.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Colao, A, Ferone, D, Marzullo, P, Lombardi, G. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev 2004;25:102–52. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2002-0022.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Huang, Y, Cai, X, Mai, W, Li, M, Hu, Y. Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;355:i5953. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5953.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Morales-Demori, R. Congenital heart disease and cardiac procedural outcomes in patients with trisomy 21 and Turner syndrome. Congenit Heart Dis 2017;12:820–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/chd.12521.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Mortensen, KH, Hjerrild, BE, Andersen, NH, Sørensen, KE, Hørlyck, A, Pedersen, EM, et al. Abnormalities of the major intrathoracic arteries in Turner syndrome as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiol Young 2010;20:191–200. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951110000041.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Ho, VB, Bakalov, VK, Cooley, M, Van, PL, Hood, MN, Burklow, TR, et al. Major vascular anomalies in Turner syndrome: prevalence and magnetic resonance angiographic features. Circulation 2004;110:1694–700. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000142290.35842.B0.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Mortensen, KH, Andersen, NH, Gravholt, CH. Cardiovascular phenotype in turner syndrome—integrating cardiology, genetics, and endocrinology. Endocr Rev 2012;33:677–714. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2011-1059.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Viuff, MH, Trolle, C, Wen, J, Jensen, JM, Nørgaard, BL, Gutmark, EJ, et al. Coronary artery anomalies in turner syndrome. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2016;10:480–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2016.08.004.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Van den Hoven, AT, Chelu, RG, Duijnhouwer, AL, Demulier, L, Devos, D, Nieman, K, et al. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return in Turner syndrome. Eur J Radiol 2017;95:141–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.07.024.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Mortensen, KH, Young, L, De Backer, J, Silberbach, M, Collins, RT, Duijnhouwer, AL, et al. Cardiovascular imaging in Turner syndrome: state-of-the-art practice across the lifespan. Heart 2018;104:1823–31. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312658.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Aligeti, VR, Horn, HR. Turner’s syndrome and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2007;99:741–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.027.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Gerlis, LM, Gatzoulis, M, Ho, SY, Sheppard, MN. Sudden unexpected cardiac death in a patient with Turner’s syndrome. Cardiol Young 2004;14:192–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951104002124.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Salgin, B, Amin, R, Yuen, K, Williams, RM, Murgatroyd, P, Dunger, DB. Insulin resistance is an intrinsic defect independent of fat mass in women with Turner’s syndrome. Horm Res 2006;65:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1159/000090907.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Kozlowska-Wojciechowska, M, Jez, W, Zdrojewski, T, Chwojnicki, K. Are young women with Turner syndrome at greater risk of coronary artery disease?. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13:467–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000216545.99807.fd.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Gravholt, CH, Mortensen, KH, Andersen, NH, Ibsen, L, Ingerslev, J, Hjerrild, BE. Coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances are related to carotid intima thickness and arterial blood pressure in Turner syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;76:649–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04190.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Bondy, CA, Ceniceros, I, Van, PL, Bakalov, VK, Rosing, DR. Prolonged rate-corrected QT interval and other electrocardiogram abnormalities in girls with Turner syndrome. Pediatrics 2006;118:e1220–5. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0776.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Bondy, CA, Van, PL, Bakalov, VK, Sachdev, V, Malone, CA, Ho, VB, et al. Prolongation of the cardiac QTc interval in Turner syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2006;85:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.md.0000205629.16302.bc.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Sozen, AB, Cefle, K, Kudat, H, Ozturk, S, Oflaz, H, Pamukcu, B, et al. Atrial and ventricular arryhthmogenic potential in Turner syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008;31:1140–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2008.01154.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Golzio, PG, Franco, E, Chiribiri, A. Atrio-ventricular synchronization by single VDD lead inserted through persistent left superior vena cava in patient with Turner’s syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:1181–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00513.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Mortensen, KH, Gopalan, D, Nørgaard, BL, Andersen, NH, Gravholt, CH. Multimodality cardiac imaging in Turner syndrome. Cardiol Young 2016;26:831–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951115002735.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Somerville, S, Rosolowsky, E, Suntratonpipat, S, Girgis, R, Goot, BH, Tham, EB. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric turner syndrome. J Pediatr 2016;175:111–5.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.080.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Obara-Moszynska, M, Rajewska-Tabor, J, Rozmiarek, S, Karmelita-Katulska, K, Kociemba, A, Rabska-Pietrzak, B, et al. The usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging of the cardiovascular system in the diagnostic work-up of patients with turner syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:609. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00609.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Arnold, R, Neu, M, Hirtler, D, Gimpel, C, Markl, M, Geiger, J. Magnetic resonance imaging 4-D flow-based analysis of aortic hemodynamics in Turner syndrome. Pediatr Radiol 2017;47:382–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-016-3767-8.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Saccà, L, Cittadini, A, Fazio, S. Growth hormone and the heart. Endocr Rev 1994;15:555–73. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-15-5-555.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Devesa, J, Almengló, C, Devesa, P. Multiple effects of growth hormone in the body: is it really the hormone for growth?. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016;9:47–71. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMED.S38201.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Li, Q, Li, B, Wang, X, Leri, A, Jana, KP, Liu, Y, et al. Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-I in mice protects from myocyte death after infarction, attenuating ventricular dilation, wall stress and cardiac hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1991–9. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119730.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

38. Timsit, J, Riou, B, Bertherat, J, Wisnewsky, C, Kato, NS, Weisberg, AS, et al. Effects of chronic growth hormone hypersecretion on intrinsic contractility, energetics, isomyosin pattern, and myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity of rat left ventricle. J Clin Invest 1990;86:507–15. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI114737.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

39. Cittadini, A, Ishiguro, Y, Strömer, H, Spindler, M, Moses, AC, Clark, R, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 but not growth hormone augments mammalian myocardial contractility by sensitizing the myofilament to Ca2+ through a wortmannin-sensitive pathway: studies in rat and ferret isolated muscles. Circ Res 1998;83:50–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.83.1.50.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Brüel, A, Oxlund, H. Biosynthetic growth hormone increase the collagen deposition rate in rat aorta and heart. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:195–9. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1320195.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Longobardi, S, Cuocolo, A, Merola, B, Di Rella, F, Colao, A, Nicolai E, et al. Left ventricular function in young adults with childhood and adulthood onset growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;48:137–43. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00281.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Valcavi, R, Gaddi, O, Zini, M, lavicoli, M, Mellino, U, Portioli, I. Cardiac performance and mass in adult with hypopituitarism: effects of one year of growth treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:659–66. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.80.2.7852533.Suche in Google Scholar

43. Johannsson, G, Bengtsson, BA, Andersson, B, Isgaard, J, Caidahl, K. Long-term cardiovascular effects of growth hormone treatment in GH-deficient adults: preliminary data in a small group of patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;45:305–14. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.00820.x.Suche in Google Scholar

44. Cuneo, RC, Salomon, F, Wiles, CM, Hesp, R, Sönksen, PH. Growth hormone treatment in growth hormone deficient adults. I. Effects on muscle mass and strength. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:688–94. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.2.688.Suche in Google Scholar

45. Castellano, G, Affuso, F, Di Conza, P, Fazio, S. The GH/IGF-1 Axis and heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rev 2009;5:203–15. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340309788970306.Suche in Google Scholar

46. Caicedo, D, Díaz, O, Devesa, P, Devesa, J. Growth hormone (GH) and cardiovascular system. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010290.Suche in Google Scholar

47. Lie, JT. Pathology of the heart in acromegaly: anatomic findings in 27 autopsied patients. Am Heart J 1980;100:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(80)90277-x.Suche in Google Scholar

48. Saccà, L, Napoli, R, Cittadini, A. Growth hormone, acromegaly, and heart failure: an intricate triangulation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;59:660–71. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.13652265.2003.01780.x.Suche in Google Scholar

49. Freestone, NS, Ribaric, S, Mason, WT. The effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on adult rat cardiac contractility. Mol Cell Biochem 1996;163–164:223–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00408662.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Mizera, Ł, Elbaum, M, Daroszewski, J, Bolanowski, M. Cardiovascular complications of acromegaly. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2018;14:365–74. https://doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2018.365.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

51. Bondanelli, M, Ambrosio, MR, degli Uberti, EC. Pathogenesis and prevalence of hypertension in acromegaly. Pituitary 2001;4:239–49. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020798430884.10.1023/A:1020798430884Suche in Google Scholar

52. Kamenický, P, Mazziotti, G, Lombès, M, Giustina, A, Chanson, P. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and the kidney: pathophysiological and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 2014;35:234–81. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2013-1071.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

53. Spiliotis, BE. Recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of Turner syndrome. Therapeut Clin Risk Manag 2008;4:1177–83. https://doi.org/10.2147/tcrm.s1440.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. Reiter, EO, Blethen, SL, Baptista, J, Price, L. Early initiation of growth hormone treatment allows age-appropriate estrogen use in Turner’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1936–41. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.5.7466.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Linglart, A, Cabrol, S, Berlier, P, Stuckens, C, Wagner, K, de Kerdanet, M, et al. Growth hormone treatment before the age of 4 years prevents short stature in young girls with Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:891–7. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-1048.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Gravholt, CH, Andersen, NH, Conway, GS, Dekkers, OM, Geffner, ME, Klein, KO, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;177:G1–G70. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0430.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

57. Van Pareren, YK, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, SM, Stijnen, T, Sas, TC, Jansen, M, Otten, BJ, et al. Final height in girls with Turner syndrome after long-term growth hormone treatment in three dosages and low dose estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:1119–25. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021171.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Bannink, EM, van Doorn, J, Stijnen, T, Drop, SL, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, SM. Free dissociable insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), total IGF-I and their binding proteins in girls with Turner syndrome during long-term growth hormone treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65:310–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02594.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Kohno, H, Igarashi, Y, Ozono, K, Ohyama, K, Ogawa, M, Osada, H, et al. Favorable impact of growth hormone treatment on cholesterol levels in turner syndrome. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2012;21:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1297/cpe.21.29.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Van Pareren, YK, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, SM, Stijnen, T, Sas, TC, Drop, SL. Effect of discontinuation of long-term growth hormone treatment on carbohydrate metabolism and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in girls with Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:5442–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020789.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Kappelgaard, AM, Laursen, T. The benefits of growth hormone therapy in patients with Turner syndrome, Noonan syndrome and children born small for gestational age. Growth Hormone IGF Res 2011;21:305–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2011.09.004.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Ostberg, JE, Thomas, EL, Hamilton, G, Attar, MJ, Bell, JD, Conway, GS. Excess visceral and hepatic adipose tissue in Turner syndrome determined by magnetic resonance imaging: estrogen deficiency associated with hepatic adipose content. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2631–5. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1939.Suche in Google Scholar

63. Cintron, D, Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R, Serrano, V, Latortue-Albino, P, Erwin, PJ, Murad, MH. Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on bone and cardiovascular outcomes in women with turner syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine 2017;55:366–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1046-y.Suche in Google Scholar

64. Elsheikh, M, Hodgson, HJ, Wass, JA, Conway, GS. Hormone replacement therapy may improve hepatic function in women with Turner’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;55:227–31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01321.x.Suche in Google Scholar

65. Koulouri, O, Ostberg, J, Conway, GS. Liver dysfunction in Turner’s syndrome: prevalence, natural history and effect of exogenous oestrogen. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;69:306–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03203.x.Suche in Google Scholar

66. Bannink, EM, van der Palen, RL, Mulder, PG, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, SM. Long-term follow-up of GH-treated girls with Turner syndrome: BMI, blood pressure, body proportions. Horm Res 2009;71:336–42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000223418.Suche in Google Scholar

67. Sas, TC, Cromme-Dijkhuis, AH, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, SM, Stijnen, T, van Teunenbroek, A, Drop, SL. The effects of long-term growth hormone treatment on cardiac left ventricular dimensions and blood pressure in girls with Turner’s syndrome. Dutch Working Group on Growth Hormone. J Pediatr 1999;135:470–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70170-8.Suche in Google Scholar

68. Van den Berg, J, Bannink, EM, Wielopolski, PA, Pattynama, PM, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, SM, Helbing, WA. Aortic distensibility and dimensions and the effects of growth hormone treatment in the turner syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1644–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.058.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

69. Irzyniec, T, Jeż, W, Lepska, K, Maciejewska-Paszek, I, Frelich, J. Childhood growth hormone treatment in women with Turner syndrome - benefits and adverse effects. Sci Rep 2019;9:15951. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52332-0.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

70. Baronio, F, Mazzanti, L, Girtler, Y, Tamburrino, F, Lupi, F, Longhi, S, et al. The influence of GH treatment on glucose homeostasis in girls with turner syndrome: a 7-year study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:878–83. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-3179.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Wooten, N, Bakalov, VK, Hill, S, Bondy, CA. Reduced abdominal adiposity and improved glucose tolerance in growth hormone-treated girls with Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2109–14. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2266.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

72. Mazzanti, L, Bergamaschi, R, Castiglioni, L, Zappulla, F, Pirazzoli, P, Cicognani, A. Turner syndrome, insulin sensitivity and growth hormone treatment. Horm Res 2005;64:51–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000089318.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

73. Guttmann, H, Weiner, Z, Nikolski, E, Ish-Shalom, S, Itskovitz-Eldor, J, Aviram, M, et al. Choosing an oestrogen replacement therapy in young adult women with Turner syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;54:159–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2001.01181.x.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

74. Naeraa, RW, Gravholt, CH, Kastrup, KW, Svenstrup, B, Christiansen, JS. Morning versus evening administration of estradiol to girls with turner syndrome receiving growth hormone: impact on growth hormone and metabolism. A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. Acta Paediatr 2001;90:526–31 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00793.x.Suche in Google Scholar

75. Uçar, A, Tuğrul, M, Erol, BO, Yekeler, E, Aydin, B, Yildiz, S, et al. Determinants of increased aortic diameters in young normotensive patients with turner syndrome without structural heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2018;39:786–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-018-1821-z.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

76. Lopez, L, Arheart, KL, Colan, SD, Stein, NS, Lopez-Mitnik, G, Lin, AE, et al. Turner syndrome is an independent risk factor for aortic dilation in the young. Pediatrics 2008;121:e1622–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2807.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Duijnhouwer, AL, Bons, LR, Timmers, HJ, van Kimmenade, RR, Snoeren, M, Timmermans, J, et al. Aortic dilatation and outcome in women with Turner syndrome. Heart 2019;105:693–700. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313716.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

78. Alami Laroussi, N, Dahdah, N, Dallaire, F, Therien, J, Fournier, A. Aortic dilatation in patients with Turner’s syndrome without structural cardiac anomaly. Cardiol Young 2016;26:539–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951115000682.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

79. Bondy, CA, Van, PL, Bakalov, VK, Ho, VB. Growth hormone treatment and aortic dimension in Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:1785–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2625.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

80. Matura, LA, Sachdev, V, Bakalov, VK, Rosing, DR, Bondy, CA. Growth hormone treatment and left ventricular dimensions in Turner syndrome. J Pediatr 2007;150:587–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.02.009.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

81. Shulman, DI, Root, AW, Diamond, FB, Bercu, BB, Martinez, R, Boucek, RJJr. Effects of one year of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) therapy on cardiac mass and function in children with classical GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4095–9. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030030.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

82. Radetti, G, Crepaz, R, Paganini, C, Gentili, L, Pitscheider, W. Medium-term cardiovascular effects of high-dose growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient children. Horm Res 1999;52:247–52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000023469.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

83. Van den Berg, J, Bannink, EM, Wielopolski, PA, Hop, WC, van Osch-Gevers, L, Pattynama, PM, et al. Cardiac status after childhood growth hormone treatment of Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2553–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-2313.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

84. Takano, K, Hizuka, N, Shizume, K. Treatment of Turner’s syndrome with methionyl human growth hormone for six months. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1986;112:130–7. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1120130.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2020-05-13
Accepted: 2020-08-17
Published Online: 2020-10-12
Published in Print: 2020-11-26

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. The influence of growth hormone therapy on the cardiovascular system in Turner syndrome
  4. Original Articles
  5. Clinical utility of urinary gonadotrophins in hypergonadotrophic states as Turner syndrome
  6. Sclerostin and osteoprotegerin: new markers of chronic kidney disease mediated mineral and bone disease in children
  7. Monthly intravenous alendronate treatment can maintain bone strength in osteogenesis imperfecta patients following cyclical pamidronate treatment
  8. Mechanisms and early patterns of dyslipidemia in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes
  9. Frequency of thyroid dysfunction in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease exposed to iodinated contrast media – a long-term observational study
  10. Effect of growth hormone therapy on thyroid function in isolated growth hormone deficient and short small for gestational age children: a two-year study, including on assessment of the usefulness of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test
  11. Clinical relevance of T lymphocyte subsets in pediatric Graves’ disease
  12. Long-term follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents
  13. A quality improvement project for managing hypocalcemia after pediatric total thyroidectomy
  14. Pubertal development and adult height in patients with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening in southern Brazil
  15. Clinical characteristics, surgical approach, BRAFV600E mutation and sodium iodine symporter expression in pediatric patients with thyroid carcinoma
  16. BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations in paediatric and young adult papillary thyroid cancer and clinicopathological correlation
  17. Case Reports
  18. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B), a rare disorder encountered in adolescence
  19. Impaired glucose homeostasis and a novel HLCS pathogenic variant in holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: a report of two cases and brief review
  20. Transcobalamin II deficiency in twins with a novel variant in the TCN2 gene: case report and review of literature
  21. Aldosterone deficiency with a hormone profile mimicking pseudohypoaldosteronism
  22. Non-classical lipoid adrenal hyperplasia presenting as hypoglycemic seizures
https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0266
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
aorta; cardiovascular system; growth hormone; Turner syndrome

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Article
  3. The influence of growth hormone therapy on the cardiovascular system in Turner syndrome
  4. Original Articles
  5. Clinical utility of urinary gonadotrophins in hypergonadotrophic states as Turner syndrome
  6. Sclerostin and osteoprotegerin: new markers of chronic kidney disease mediated mineral and bone disease in children
  7. Monthly intravenous alendronate treatment can maintain bone strength in osteogenesis imperfecta patients following cyclical pamidronate treatment
  8. Mechanisms and early patterns of dyslipidemia in pediatric type 1 and type 2 diabetes
  9. Frequency of thyroid dysfunction in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease exposed to iodinated contrast media – a long-term observational study
  10. Effect of growth hormone therapy on thyroid function in isolated growth hormone deficient and short small for gestational age children: a two-year study, including on assessment of the usefulness of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test
  11. Clinical relevance of T lymphocyte subsets in pediatric Graves’ disease
  12. Long-term follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents
  13. A quality improvement project for managing hypocalcemia after pediatric total thyroidectomy
  14. Pubertal development and adult height in patients with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening in southern Brazil
  15. Clinical characteristics, surgical approach, BRAFV600E mutation and sodium iodine symporter expression in pediatric patients with thyroid carcinoma
  16. BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations in paediatric and young adult papillary thyroid cancer and clinicopathological correlation
  17. Case Reports
  18. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B), a rare disorder encountered in adolescence
  19. Impaired glucose homeostasis and a novel HLCS pathogenic variant in holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: a report of two cases and brief review
  20. Transcobalamin II deficiency in twins with a novel variant in the TCN2 gene: case report and review of literature
  21. Aldosterone deficiency with a hormone profile mimicking pseudohypoaldosteronism
  22. Non-classical lipoid adrenal hyperplasia presenting as hypoglycemic seizures
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 3.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jpem-2020-0266/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen