Startseite Vitamin D status and its associations with components of metabolic syndrome in healthy children
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Vitamin D status and its associations with components of metabolic syndrome in healthy children

  • Ali Awsat Mellati , Faranak Sharifi EMAIL logo , Soghrat Faghihzade , Seyed Akbar Mousaviviri , Hosain Chiti und Seyed Ali Naghi Kazemi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 16. September 2014
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
Aus der Zeitschrift Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Band 28 Heft 5-6

Abstract

Aim: High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency has been reported in populations of different countries. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence and association of vitamin D status with components of metabolic syndrome.

Methods: Lipid profile indices, anthropometric indices [body mass index and waist circumference (WC)], insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), C-reactive protein, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration were evaluated in 297 healthy schoolchildren aged 7–11 years. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine independent predictors associated with low serum 25(OH)D concentrations.

Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 14.12±8.20 ng/mL (35.3±20.5 nmol/L); 96% of children had low serum 25(OH)D levels, 31.0% were deficient, and 65.0% had insufficient levels of 25(OH)D. Vitamin D deficiency was higher in girls (χ2=13.66; p=0.00); 25(OH)D level was negatively associated with WC, HOMA-IR, SBP, DBP, and iPTH. In the multivariate model, WC, DBP, and HOMA-IR were significant independent predictor of low 25(OH)D concentrations.

Conclusion: The prevalence of low vitamin D level in the studied healthy children was high and it is correlated with some components of metabolic syndrome. Outdoor activity for optimum sun exposure and additional studies are needed to evaluate the underlying metabolic syndrome components and hypovitaminosis D complications.

Keywords: children; metabolic syndrome; prevalence; vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency
Corresponding author: Faranak Sharifi, Zanjan Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by Zanjan University of Medical Sciences. The authors express appreciation to the staff of the Zanjan Metabolic Disease Research Center.

Conflict of interest statement: The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.

References

1. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266–81.10.1056/NEJMra070553Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Gordon CM, De Peter KC, Feldman HA, Grace E, Emans SJ. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:531–7.10.1001/archpedi.158.6.531Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Shin YH, Kim KE, Lee C, Shin HJ, Kang MS, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in young adolescents in Korea. Eur J Pediatr 2012;171:1475–80.10.1007/s00431-012-1746-0Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

4. Mansoor S, Habib A, Ghani F, Fatmi Z, Badruddin S, et al. Prevalence and significance of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among apparently healthy adults. Clin Biochem 2010;43:1431–5.10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.09.022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Fields J, Trivedi NJ, Horton E, Mechanick JI. Vitamin D in the Persian Gulf: integrative physiology and socioeconomic factor. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2011;9:243–50.10.1007/s11914-011-0071-2Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(Suppl):1678S–88S.10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678SSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Brenner DR, Arora P, Garcia-Bailo B, Wolever TM, Morrison H, et al. Plasma vitamin D levels and risk of metabolic syndrome in Canadians. Clin Invest Med 2011;34:E377.10.25011/cim.v34i6.15899Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Hollis BW, Rimm EB. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1174–80.10.1001/archinte.168.11.1174Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

9. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2017–29.10.1210/jc.2007-0298Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

10. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911–30.10.1210/jc.2011-0385Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Outila TA, Karkkainen MU, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter in female adolescents: associations with forearm bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:206–10.10.1093/ajcn/74.2.206Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Holic MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implication for health. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:353–73.10.4065/81.3.353Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

13. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.Suche in Google Scholar

14. Arabia A, El Rassi R, EL-Hajj Fuleihan G. Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries-prevalence, risk factors and outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010;6:550–61.10.1038/nrendo.2010.146Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Kazemi A, Sharifi F, Jafari N, Mousavinasab N. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in an Iranian population. J Women’s Health (Larchmt) 2009;18:835–9.10.1089/jwh.2008.0954Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Muheiri SJ, Mehairi AE, Khauri AA, Naqbi MM, Maskari FA, et al. Vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents in Al Ain. BMC Public Health 2013;13:33.10.1186/1471-2458-13-33Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Gagnon C, Lu ZX, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, Shaw JE, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of the development of the metabolic syndrome at five years: results from a national, population-based prospective study (The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle: AusDiab). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1953–61.10.1210/jc.2011-3187Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Hurskainen AR, Virtanen JK, Tuamainen TP, Nurmi T, Vautilainen S. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with type 2 diabetes and markers of insulin resistance in general older population in Finland. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012;28:418–23.10.1002/dmrr.2286Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Salo A, Logomarsino JV. Relationship of vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2011;9:456–62.Suche in Google Scholar

20. Reis JP, von Miihlen D, Miller ER 3rd, Michos ED, Appel LJ. Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in the United States adolescent population. Pediatrics 2009;124:e371–9.10.1542/peds.2009-0213Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

21. Olson ML, Maalouf NM, Oden JD, White PC, Hutchison MR. Vitamin D deficiency in obese children and its relationship to glucose homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97: 279–85.10.1210/jc.2011-1507Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Jellife DB, Jellife EF. Community nutritional assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989:56–110.Suche in Google Scholar

23. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adults Treatment Panel III). J Am Med Assoc 2001;285:2486–97.10.1001/jama.285.19.2486Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Fridwald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499–502.10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499Suche in Google Scholar

25. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412–9.10.1007/BF00280883Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lipps P, Meunier PJ, et al. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:715–6.10.1007/s00198-005-1867-7Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Smotkin-Tangorra M, Purushothaman R, Gupta A, Nejati G, Anhalt H, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007;20:817–23.10.1515/JPEM.2007.20.7.817Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Moussavi M, Heidarpour R, Aminorroaya A, Pournaghshband Z, Amini M. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Isfahani high school students in 2004. Horm Res 2005;64:144–8.10.1159/000088588Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Neyestani TR, Hajifaraji M, Omidvar N, Eshraghian MR, Shariatzadeh N, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in school-age children in Tehran, 2008: a red alert. Public Health Nutr 2012;15:324–30.10.1017/S1368980011000188Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Mansbach JM, Ginde AA, Camargo CA. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels among US children aged 1 to 11 years: do children need more vitamin D? Pediatrics 2009;124:1404–10.10.1542/peds.2008-2041Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Greer FR. Defining vitamin D deficiency in children: beyond 25-OH vitamin D serum concentrations. Pediatrics 2009;124:1471–3.10.1542/peds.2009-2307Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Uitterlinden AG, Fang Y, Van Meurs JB, Pols HA, Van Leeuwen JP. Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene 2004;338:143–56.10.1016/j.gene.2004.05.014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Oh JY, Barrett-Connor E. Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Metabolism 2002;51:356–9.10.1053/meta.2002.29969Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Sainz J, Van Tornout JM, Loro ML, Sayre J, Roe TF, et al. Vitamin D-receptor gene polymorphisms and bone density in prepubertal American girls of Mexican descent. N Engl J Med 1997;337:77–82.10.1056/NEJM199707103370202Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Rajakumar K, de las Heras J, Chen TC, Lee S, Holick MF, et al. Vitamin D status, adiposity, and lipids in black American and Caucasian children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1560–7.10.1210/jc.2010-2388Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

36. Rosen CJ. Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. N Engl J Med 2011;364:248–54.10.1056/NEJMcp1009570Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Kayaniyil S, Vieth R, Harris SB, Retnakaran R, Knight JA, et al. Association of 25(OH)D and PTH with metabolic syndrome and its traditional and nontraditional components. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:168–75.10.1210/jc.2010-1439Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Arunabh S, Pollack S, Yeh J, Aloia JF. Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:157–61.10.1210/jc.2002-020978Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Mellati AA, Mousavinasab SN, Sokhanvar S, Kazemi SA, Esmailli MH, et al. Correlation of anthropometric indices with common cardiovascular risk factors in an urban adult population of Iran: data from Zanjan Healthy Heart Study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009;18:217–25.Suche in Google Scholar

40. Bjorntorp P. Abdominal fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20(Suppl 8):S26–8.10.1097/00005344-199200208-00006Suche in Google Scholar

41. Bjorntorp P. Metabolic difference between visceral fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat. Diabetes Metab 2000;26(Suppl 3):10–2. [In French].Suche in Google Scholar

42. Pacifico L, Anania C, Osborn JF, Ferraro F, Bonci E, et al. Low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with total adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension in Caucasian children and adolescents. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165:603–11.10.1530/EJE-11-0545Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Kahn HS, Imperatore G, Cheng YJ. A population-based comparison of BMI percentiles and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardiovascular risk in youth. J Pediatr 2005;146:482–8.10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.12.028Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Khorvash F, Mottaghi T, Askari G, Maracy MR, Ghiasvand R, et al. The association between serum vitamin D levels with general and abdominal obesity among patients with migraine. Int J Prev Med 2013;4(Suppl 2):S313–7.Suche in Google Scholar

45. Guasch A, Bulló M, Rabassa A, Bonada A, Del Castillo D, et al. Plasma vitamin D and parathormone are associated with obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012;11:149.10.1186/1475-2840-11-149Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

46. Miñambres I, Sánchez-Hernández J, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Rodríguez J, de Leiva A, et al. The association of hypovitaminosis d with the metabolic syndrome is independent of the degree of obesity. ISRN Endocrinol 2012;2012:691803.10.5402/2012/691803Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

47. Weng FL, Shults J, Leonard MB, Stallings VA, Zemel BS. Risk factors for low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in otherwise healthy children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:150–8.10.1093/ajcn/86.1.150Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Renzaho AM, Halliday JA, Nowson C. Vitamin D, obesity, and obesity-related chronic disease among ethnic minorities: a systematic review. Nutrition 2011;27:868–79.10.1016/j.nut.2010.12.014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Stein EM, Laing EM, Hall DB, Hausman DB, Kimlin MG, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in girls aged 4-8 y living in the southeastern Unites States. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:75–81.10.1093/ajcn/83.1.75Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Dekker JM, et al. Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:4119–23.10.1210/jc.2005-0216Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Ganji V, Zhang X, Shaikh N, Tangpricha V. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and various cardiometabolic risk factors in US children and adolescents based on assay-adjusted serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data from NHANES 2001–2006. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:225–33.10.3945/ajcn.111.013516Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Ballermann BJ, Marsden PA. Endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators and renal glomerular function. Clin Invest Med 1991;14:508–17.Suche in Google Scholar

53. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 2002;110:229–38.10.1172/JCI0215219Suche in Google Scholar

54. Garanty-Bogacka B, Syrenicz M, Goral J, Krupa B, Syrenicz J, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) in obese adolescents. Endokrynol Pol 2011;62:506–11.Suche in Google Scholar

55. Kelly A, Brooks LJ, Dougherty S, Carlow DC, Zemel BS. A cross-sectional study of vitamin D and insulin resistance in children. Arch Dis Child 2011;96:447–52.10.1136/adc.2010.187591Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

56. Erdönmez D, Hatun S, Çizmecioğlu FM, Keser A. No relationship between vitamin D status and insulin resistance in a group of high school students. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2011;3: 198–201.10.4274/jcrpe.507Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Muldowney S, Kiely M. Vitamin D and cardiometabolic health: a review of evidence. Nutr Res Rev 2010;24:1–20.10.1017/S0954422410000259Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Sung CC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Wu CC. Role of vitamin D in insulin resistance. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:634195.10.1155/2012/634195Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

59. Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibely D. The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012;36:387–96.10.1038/ijo.2011.119Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Reinehr T, de Sousa G, Alexy U, Kersting M, Andler W. Vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone in obese children before and after weight loss. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;157:225–32.10.1530/EJE-07-0188Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:690–3.10.1093/ajcn/72.3.690Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

62. McGill AT, Stewart JM, Lithander FE, Strik CM, Poppitt SD. Relationships of low serum vitamin D3 with anthropometry and markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in overweight and obesity. Nutr J 2008;7:4.10.1186/1475-2891-7-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2013-12-23
Accepted: 2014-8-14
Published Online: 2014-9-16
Published in Print: 2015-5-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Highlight: Obesity
  3. Childhood obesity at the crossroads
  4. Obesogenic environments: environmental approaches to obesity prevention
  5. Childhood obesity and eating behaviour
  6. Hypothalamic obesity in children: pathophysiology to clinical management
  7. The reliability of body mass index in the diagnosis of obesity and metabolic risk in children
  8. Determining abdominal obesity cut-offs and relevant risk factors for anthropometric indices in Turkish children and adolescents
  9. The effect of body mass index on blood pressure varies by race among obese children
  10. Insulin secretion response during oral glucose tolerance test is related to low cardiorespiratory fitness in obese adolescents
  11. Is there a relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in childhood obesity?
  12. The effect of lifestyle change and metformin therapy on serum arylesterase and paraoxonase activity in obese children
  13. Childhood obesity, thyroid function, and insulin resistance – is there a link? A longitudinal study
  14. Associations between IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins and bone turnover markers in prepubertal obese children
  15. Osteocalcin is inversely associated with adiposity and leptin in adolescent boys
  16. Association between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in prepubertal Brazilian children
  17. Insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents: a hierarchical approach
  18. The role of apolipoprotein E polymorphism in improving dyslipidemia in obese adolescents following physical exercise and National Cholesterol Education Program Step II intervention
  19. Review article
  20. Is ultrasound useful in the diagnosis of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome?
  21. Original articles
  22. IGF-II expression and methylation in small for gestational age infants
  23. Early screening of FTO and MC4R variants in newborns of Greek origin
  24. Pitfalls in hormonal diagnosis of 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency
  25. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among schoolchildren: a cohort study from Xinxiang, China
  26. Management of testosterone therapy in adolescents and young men with hypogonadism: are we following adult clinical practice guidelines?
  27. Vitamin D status and its associations with components of metabolic syndrome in healthy children
  28. Metformin treatment improves weight and dyslipidemia in children with metabolic syndrome
  29. Patient reports
  30. Hypothyroidism caused by the combination of two heterozygous mutations: one in the TSH receptor gene the other in the DUOX2 gene
  31. Ovarian carcinoma in a 14-year-old with classical salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia and bilateral adrenalectomy
  32. An asymptomatic mother diagnosed with 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency after newborn screening
  33. A new missense mutation in the BCKDHB gene causes the classic form of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
  34. Ovotesticular disorder of sex development with unusual karyotype: patient report
  35. First case report of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in China
  36. Virilizing adrenal oncocytoma in a 9-year-old girl: rare neoplasm with an intriguing postoperative course
  37. Unexpected clinical features in a female patient with proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency
  38. Sirolimus therapy in a patient with severe hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia due to a compound heterozygous ABCC8 gene mutation
  39. Cross-reactivity of adrenal steroids with aldosterone may prevent the accurate diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  40. Hyperthyroidism hidden by congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
  41. The use of pamidronate for acute vitamin D intoxication, clinical experience with three cases
  42. Chondrocalcinosis related to familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis
  43. Cushing syndrome related to leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system
  44. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: a rare pediatric brain disease
  45. Short communication
  46. A novel ABCD1 gene mutation in a Chinese patient with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2013-0495
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
children; metabolic syndrome; prevalence; vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Highlight: Obesity
  3. Childhood obesity at the crossroads
  4. Obesogenic environments: environmental approaches to obesity prevention
  5. Childhood obesity and eating behaviour
  6. Hypothalamic obesity in children: pathophysiology to clinical management
  7. The reliability of body mass index in the diagnosis of obesity and metabolic risk in children
  8. Determining abdominal obesity cut-offs and relevant risk factors for anthropometric indices in Turkish children and adolescents
  9. The effect of body mass index on blood pressure varies by race among obese children
  10. Insulin secretion response during oral glucose tolerance test is related to low cardiorespiratory fitness in obese adolescents
  11. Is there a relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in childhood obesity?
  12. The effect of lifestyle change and metformin therapy on serum arylesterase and paraoxonase activity in obese children
  13. Childhood obesity, thyroid function, and insulin resistance – is there a link? A longitudinal study
  14. Associations between IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins and bone turnover markers in prepubertal obese children
  15. Osteocalcin is inversely associated with adiposity and leptin in adolescent boys
  16. Association between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness in prepubertal Brazilian children
  17. Insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents: a hierarchical approach
  18. The role of apolipoprotein E polymorphism in improving dyslipidemia in obese adolescents following physical exercise and National Cholesterol Education Program Step II intervention
  19. Review article
  20. Is ultrasound useful in the diagnosis of adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome?
  21. Original articles
  22. IGF-II expression and methylation in small for gestational age infants
  23. Early screening of FTO and MC4R variants in newborns of Greek origin
  24. Pitfalls in hormonal diagnosis of 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency
  25. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among schoolchildren: a cohort study from Xinxiang, China
  26. Management of testosterone therapy in adolescents and young men with hypogonadism: are we following adult clinical practice guidelines?
  27. Vitamin D status and its associations with components of metabolic syndrome in healthy children
  28. Metformin treatment improves weight and dyslipidemia in children with metabolic syndrome
  29. Patient reports
  30. Hypothyroidism caused by the combination of two heterozygous mutations: one in the TSH receptor gene the other in the DUOX2 gene
  31. Ovarian carcinoma in a 14-year-old with classical salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia and bilateral adrenalectomy
  32. An asymptomatic mother diagnosed with 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency after newborn screening
  33. A new missense mutation in the BCKDHB gene causes the classic form of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
  34. Ovotesticular disorder of sex development with unusual karyotype: patient report
  35. First case report of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in China
  36. Virilizing adrenal oncocytoma in a 9-year-old girl: rare neoplasm with an intriguing postoperative course
  37. Unexpected clinical features in a female patient with proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency
  38. Sirolimus therapy in a patient with severe hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia due to a compound heterozygous ABCC8 gene mutation
  39. Cross-reactivity of adrenal steroids with aldosterone may prevent the accurate diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  40. Hyperthyroidism hidden by congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
  41. The use of pamidronate for acute vitamin D intoxication, clinical experience with three cases
  42. Chondrocalcinosis related to familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis
  43. Cushing syndrome related to leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system
  44. Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: a rare pediatric brain disease
  45. Short communication
  46. A novel ABCD1 gene mutation in a Chinese patient with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 5.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jpem-2013-0495/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen