Abstract
Background
Essential oils, infusion and decoction extracts of Calamintha nepeta L. were evaluated for their bioactive substances (polyphenols and essential oils) and antioxidant activities.
Methods
The amounts of phenolic compounds were determined by colorimetric assays and identified by high performance and liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) method. The chemical composition of essential oils was determined by gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. For the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of essential oils and extracts, two different assays (reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging activity) were used.
Results
Infusion extract presented the highest phenolic content, followed by the decoction one, while the lowest amount was observed in essential oils. The amount of flavonoids of the decocted extract was higher than that of the infused one. The phenolic profile of C. nepeta infusion and decoction extracts revealed the presence of 28 and 13 peaks, respectively. Four phenolics compounds were identified in infusion (gallic acid (GA), rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeine (C) and caffeic acid (CA)) and two were identified in decoction (GA and RA). The chemical composition of essential oils revealed the presence of 29 compounds, accounting for the 99.7% of the total oils. Major compounds of essential oil (EO) were trans-menthone (50.06%) and pulegone (33.46%). Infusion and decoction extracts revealed an interesting antioxidant activity which correlates positively with their total phenolic contents.
Conclusions
These results showed that Calamintha nepeta could be considered as a valuable source of phenolics and essential oils with potent antioxidant activity.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
References
[1] Shetty K. Biosynthesis and medical applications of rosmarinic acid. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 2001;8:161–82.10.1300/J044v08n02_05Search in Google Scholar
[2] Sahraroo A, Mirjalili MH, Corchete P, Babalar M, Reza M, Moghadam F. Establishment and characterization of a Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae) cell suspension culture: a new in vitro source of rosmarinic acid. Cytotechnology. 2016;68:1415–24.10.1007/s10616-015-9901-xSearch in Google Scholar
[3] Bival Štefan M, Vuković Rodríguez J, Blažeković B, Kindl M, Vladimir-Knežević S. Total hydroxycinnamic acids assay: prevalidation and application on Lamiaceae species. Food Anal Methods. 2013;6:1–11.10.1007/s12161-013-9630-8Search in Google Scholar
[4] Petersen M, Simmonds MSJ. Rosmarinic acid. Phytochemistry. 2003;62:121–25.10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00513-7Search in Google Scholar
[5] Okuda T, Yoshida T, Hatano T. Correlation of oxidative transformations of hydrolysable tannins and plant evolution. Phytochemistry. 2000;55:513–29.10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00232-6Search in Google Scholar
[6] Dobravalskytė D, Venskutonis P, RimantasTalou T. Antioxidant properties and essential oil composition of Calamintha grandiflora L. Food Chem. 2012;135:1539–46.10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.094Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[7] Pacifico S, Galasso S, Piccolella S, Kretschmer N, Pan SP, Marciano S, et al. Seasonal variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi. Food Res Int. 2015;69:121–32.10.1016/j.foodres.2014.12.019Search in Google Scholar
[8] Yuan D, Pan Y, Fu W, Makino T, Kano Y. Quantitative analysis of the marker compounds in Salvia miltiorrihiza root and its phytomedicinal preparations. Chem Pharm Bull. 2005;53:508–14.10.1248/cpb.53.508Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[9] Dorman HJ, Bachmayer O, Kosar M, Hiltunen R. Antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts from selected Lamiaceae species grown in Turkey. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:762–70.10.1021/jf034908vSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[10] Zheng W, Wang SY. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:5165–70.10.1021/jf010697nSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] Xu J, Shen J, Cheng Y, Qu H. Simultaneous detection of seven phenolic acids in Danshen injection using HPLC with ultraviolet detector. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2008;9:728–33.10.1631/jzus.B0820095Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[12] Petar DM, Renée JG, Nigel CV, Geoffrey CK, Jeffrey BH. Acacetin glycosides as taxonomic markers in Calamintha Micromeria. Phytochemstry. 2001;58:943–47.10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00352-1Search in Google Scholar
[13] Tanrisever N, Fischer N, Williamson GB. Menthofurans from Calamintha ashei: effects on Schizachyrium scoparium Lactuca sativa. Phytochermistry. 1988;27:2523–26.10.1016/0031-9422(88)87021-3Search in Google Scholar
[14] Najafian S. Storage conditions affect the essential oil composition of cultivated mint herb (Lamiaceae) in Iran. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;52:575–658.10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.11.015Search in Google Scholar
[15] Meyers KJ, Watkins CB, Pritts MP, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of strawberries. J Agr Food Chem. 2003;51:6887–92.10.1021/jf034506nSearch in Google Scholar
[16] Brighente IMC, Dias M, Verdi LG, Pizzolatti MG. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Brazilian species. Pharm Biol. 2007;45:156–61.10.1080/13880200601113131Search in Google Scholar
[17] Dorman HJD, Hiltunen R. Fe (III) reductive and free radical-scavenging properties of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) extract and subfractions. Food Chem. 2004;88:193–99.10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.039Search in Google Scholar
[18] Khaled Khodja N, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L, Madani K. Antioxidant capacity of crude extracts and their solvent fractions of selected Algerian Lamiaceae. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;52:177–82.10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.10.004Search in Google Scholar
[19] Liu J, Shen HM, Ong CN. Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Cancer Lett. 2000;153:85–93.10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00391-8Search in Google Scholar
[20] Zhou L, Chow M, Zuo Z. Improved quality control method for Danshen products—consideration of both hydrophilic and lipophilic active components. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41:744–50.10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.032Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[21] Oyaizu M. Studies on product of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine. Japanese J Nutr. 1986;44:307–15.10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307Search in Google Scholar
[22] Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature. 1958;181:1199–200.10.1038/1811199a0Search in Google Scholar
[23] Hatano T, Kagawa H, Yasuhara T, Okuda T. Two new flavonoids and other constituents in Licorice root: their relative astringency and radical 402 scavenging effects. Pharmacol Bull. 1988;36:2090–97.10.1248/cpb.36.2090Search in Google Scholar
[24] Bourgou S, Ksouri R, Bellila A, Skandrani I, Falleh H, Marzouk B. Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. CR Biol. 2008;331:48–55.10.1016/j.crvi.2007.11.001Search in Google Scholar
[25] Barra A, Coroneo V, Dessi S, Cabras P, Angioni A. Characterization of the volatile constituents in the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from different origins and its antifungal and antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:7093–98.10.1021/jf071129wSearch in Google Scholar
[26] Gourine N, Yousfi M, Bombarda I, Nadjemi B, Stocker P, Gaydou EM. Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oil of Pistacia Atlantica from Algeria. Ind Crops Prod. 2010;31:203–08.10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.003Search in Google Scholar
[27] Martins N, Barros L, Santos-Buelga C, Silva S, Henriques M, Ferreira ICFR. Decoction, infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of cultivated thyme: antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and phenolic characterization. Food Chem. 2015;167:131–07.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.094Search in Google Scholar
[28] Panizzi L, Flamini G, Cioni PL, Morelli I. Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four Mediterranean Lamiaceae. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993;39:167–70.10.1016/0378-8741(93)90032-ZSearch in Google Scholar
[29] Kumar V, Mathela CS, Tewari AK, Bisht KS. In vitro inhibition activity of essential oils from some Lamiaceae species against phytopathogenic fungi. Pestic Bioch Physiol. 2014;114:67–71.10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.07.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[30] Dragoljub LM, Budimir SI, Tatjana MMK, Nikola DN, Ljiljana CM, Olga GC. Investigation of the chemical composition–antibacterial activity relationship of essential oils by chemometric methods. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;403:1007–18.10.1007/s00216-012-5866-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[31] Guimarães R, Barros L, Dueñas M, Calhelha RC, Carvalho AM, Santos-Buelga C, et al. Infusion and decoction of wild German chamomile: bioactivity and characterization of organic acids and phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 2013;136:947–54.10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[32] Pistón M, Machado I, Branco CS, Cesio V, Heinzen H, Ribeiro D, et al. Infusion, decoction and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves from artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. subsp. cardunculus) are effective scavengers of physiologically relevant ROS and RNS. Food Res Int. 2014;64:150–56.10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.078Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[33] Pereira E, Barros L, Antonio AL, Cabo Verde S, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR. Infusions from Thymus vulgaris L. treated at different gamma radiation doses: effects on antioxidant activity and phenolic composition. LWT - Food Sci Technol. 2016;74:34–39.10.1016/j.lwt.2016.07.027Search in Google Scholar
[34] Sait S, Hamri-Zeghichi S, Boulekbache-Makhlouf L, Madani K, Rigou P, Brighenti V, et al. HPLC-UV/DAD and ESI-MSn analysis of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of an Algerian medicinal plant: paronychia argentea Lam. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015;111:231–40.10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.027Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[35] Ammar I, Ennouri M, Bouaziz M, Ben Amira A, Attia H. Phenolic profiles, phytchemicals and mineral content of decoction and infusion of opuntia ficus-indica flowers. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2015;70:388–94.10.1007/s11130-015-0505-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[36] Formisano C, Oliviero F, Rigano D, M.Saab A, Senatore F. Chemical composition of essential oils and in vitro antioxidant properties of extracts and essential oils of Calamintha origanifolia Micromeria myrtifolia, two Lamiaceae from the Lebanon flora. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;62:405–11.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.043Search in Google Scholar
[37] Saito S, Welzel TA, Suyenaga ES, Bueno F. A method for fast determination of epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), epicatechin (ec), catechin (c) and caffeine (caf) in green tea using HPLC. Ciênc Tecnol Aliment, Campinas. 2006;26:394–400.10.1590/S0101-20612006000200023Search in Google Scholar
[38] Öztürk N, Tunçel M, Uysal UD, Oncu-Kaya EM, Koyuncu O. Determination of rosmarinic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to certain salvia species and rosemary. Food Anal Methods. 2011;4:300–06.10.1007/s12161-010-9164-2Search in Google Scholar
[39] Fatariah Z, Zulkhairuazha TYTG, Wan Rosli WI. Quantitative HPLC analysis of gallic acid in Benincasa hispida prepared with different extraction techniques. Sains Malaysiana. 2014;43:1181–87.Search in Google Scholar
[40] Fernando CD, Soysa P. Simple isocratic method for simultaneous determination of caffeine and catechins in tea products by HPLC. Springer Plus. 2016;5:970.10.1186/s40064-016-2672-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[41] Khojasteh A, Mirjalili MH, Hidalgo D, Corchete P, Palazon J. New trends in biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid. Biotechnol Lett. 2014;36:2393–406.10.1007/s10529-014-1640-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[42] Georgiev M, Weber J. Bioreactors for plant cells: hardware configuration and internal environment optimization as tools for wider commercialization. Biotechnol Lett. 2014;36:1359–67.10.1007/s10529-014-1498-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[43] Janicsak G, Mathe I, Miklossy-Vari V, Blunden G. Comparative studies of the rosmarinic and caffeic acid contents of Lamiaceae species. Biochem Syst Ecol. 1999;27:733–38.10.1016/S0305-1978(99)00007-1Search in Google Scholar
[44] Saliza Anida S, Nor Fadilah R, Noor Rain A, Zakiah I, Peter M, Ashley D, et al. In vitro chemopreventive activity of an ethyl acetate fraction derived from hot water extract of Orthosiphon stamineus in HepG2 cells. J Med Plants Res. 2011;5:1892–99.Search in Google Scholar
[45] Ellis BE, Towers GHN. Biogenesis of rosmarinic acid in Mentha. Biochem J. 1970;118:291–97.10.1042/bj1180291Search in Google Scholar
[46] Tepe B, Sokmen A. Production and optimization of rosmarinic acid by Satureja hortensis L. callus cultures. Nat Prod Res. 2007;21:1133–44.10.1080/14786410601130737Search in Google Scholar
[47] Fecka I, Turek S. Determination of polyphenolic compounds in commercial herbal drugs and spices from Lamiaceae: thyme, wild thyme and sweet marjoram by chromatographic techniques. Food Chem. 2008;108:1039–53.10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.035Search in Google Scholar
[48] Boros B, Jakabova S, Dornyei A, Horvath G, Pluhar Z, Kilar F, et al. Determination of polyphenolic compounds by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in Thymus species. J Chromatogr A. 2010;1217:79727–980.10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.042Search in Google Scholar
[49] Hussain AI, Anwar F, Sherazi STH, Przybylski R. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem. 2008;108:986–9510.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.010Search in Google Scholar
[50] Vladimir-Knežević S, Blažeković B, Kindl M, Vladić J, Lower-Nedza A-D, Brantner A-H. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of selected medicinal plants of the Lamiaceae family. Molecules. 2014;19:767–82.10.3390/molecules19010767Search in Google Scholar
[51] Cherrat L, Espina L, Bakkali M, Pagán R, Laglaoui A. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechasSatureja calamintha Scheele essential oils and an evaluation of their bactericidal effect in combined processes. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 2014;22:221–29.10.1016/j.ifset.2013.12.016Search in Google Scholar
[52] De Pooter HL, Goetghebeur P, Schamp N. Variability in composition of the essential oil of Calamintha nepeta. Phytochemistry. 1987;26:3355–56.10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82508-XSearch in Google Scholar
[53] Sentkowska A, Biesaga M, Pyrzynska K. Effects of brewing process on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of herbs. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2016;25:965–70.10.1007/s10068-016-0157-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[54] Tepe B, Sihoglu-Tepe A, Daferera D, Polissiou M, Sokomen A. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil Clinopodium vulgare L. Food Chem. 2007;103:766–70.10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.019Search in Google Scholar
[55] Beghlal D, El Bairi K, Marmouzi I, Haddar L, Mohamed B. Phytochemical, organoleptic and ferric reducing properties of essential oil and ethanolic extract from Pistacia lentiscus (L.). Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2016;6:305–10.10.1016/S2222-1808(15)61035-0Search in Google Scholar
[56] Aissi O, Boussaid M, Messaoud C. Essential oil composition in natural populations of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Tunisia: effect of ecological factors and incidence on antioxidantand antiacetylcholinesterase activities. Ind Crops Prod. 2016;91:56–65.10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.06.025Search in Google Scholar
[57] Aidi Wannes W, Mhamdi B, Sriti J, Ben Jemia M, Ouchikh O, Hamdaoui G, et al. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils and methanol extracts from myrtle (Myrtus communis var. italica L.) leaf, stem and flower. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:1362–70.10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[58] Sarikurkcu C, Arisoy K, Tepe B, Cakir A, Abali G, Mete E. Studies on the antioxidant activity of essential oil and different solvent extracts of Vitex agnus castus L. fruits from Turkey. Food ChemToxicol. 2009;47:2479–83.10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[59] El Kalamouni C, Dobravalskyte D, Raynaud C, Venskutonis R, Talou T. Native extracted essential oil: from chemical composition to biological activities. In: Ho CT, Mussinan CJ, Shahidi F, Tratras Contis E, editors. Recent advances in food and flavor chemistry: food flavors and encapsulation, health benefits, analytical methods, and molecular biology of functional foods. United Kingdom: The Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing, Cambridge, 2010: 369–78.Search in Google Scholar
[60] Martins N, Barros L, Santos-Buelga C, Henriques M, Silva S, Ferreira ICFR. Decoction, infusion and hydroalcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare L.: different performances regarding bioactivity and phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 2014;158:73–80.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.099Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[61] Mohamed AA, Ali SI, El-Baz FK, Hegazy AK, Kord MA. Chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts of Commiphora myrrha resin. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;57:10–16.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.03.017Search in Google Scholar
[62] Afms U-D, Demirci F, Abu Salim K, Demirci B, Lim LBL, Baser KHC, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from leaves, aerial stems, basal stems, and rhizomes of Etlingera fimbriobracteata (K.Schum.) R.M.Sm. Ind Crops Prod. 2016;84:189–98.10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.034Search in Google Scholar
[63] Chizzola R, Michitsch H, Franz C. Antioxidative properties of Thymus vulgaris leaves: comparison of different extracts and essential oil chemotypes. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:6897–904.10.1021/jf800617gSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[64] Cao H, Cheng WX, Li C, Pan XL, Xie XG, Li TH. DFT study on the antioxidant activity of rosmarinic acid. J Mol Struct: Theochem. 2005;719:177–83.10.1016/j.theochem.2005.01.029Search in Google Scholar
[65] Zhang QA, Fan XH, Zhang ZQ, Li T, Zhu CP, Zhang XR, et al. Extraction, antioxidant capacity and identification of Semen Astra-gali Complanati (Astragalus complanatus RBr.) phenolics. Food Chem. 2013;141:1295–300.10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.014Search in Google Scholar
[66] Hazzit M, Baaliouamer A, Veríssimo AR, Faleiro ML, Miguel MG. Chemical composition and biological activities of Algerian Thymus oils. Food Chem. 2009;116:714–21.10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.018Search in Google Scholar
[67] Ruberto G, Baratta MT. Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chem. 2000;69:167–74.10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00247-2Search in Google Scholar
[68] Ben El Hadj Ali I, Bahri R, Chaouachi M, Boussaïd M, Harzallah-Skhiri F. Phenolic content, antioxidant and allelopathic activities of various extracts of Thymus numidicus Poir. organs. Ind Crops Prod. 2014;6:188–95.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.021Search in Google Scholar
[69] Asadi S, Ahmadiani A, Esmaeili MA, Sonboli A, Ansari N, Khodagholi F. In vitro antioxidant activities and an investigation of neuroprotectionby six Salvia species from Iran: a comparative study. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:1341–49.10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.035Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Pre-clinical Studies
- Acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of the tuber of Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn in Wistar rats
- Protective effects of persian honey, Apis Mellifera Meda Skorikov on side effects of chemotherapy and ischemia/reperfusion induced testicular injury
- Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and essential oils from Calamintha nepeta L.
- Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts from Nauclea pobeguinii (Rubiacee) in rats
- Testicular and spermatotoxic potential of methanol extract of red cultivar Allium cepa in rats
- Clinical Studies
- Premature ovarian failure of autoimmune etiology in 46XX patients: is there a hope?
- African crocus (Curculigo pilosa) and wonderful kola (Buchholzia coriacea) seeds modulate critical enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and oxidative stress
- Effect of foot reflexology and slow stroke back massage on the severity of fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A semi-experimental study
- Effects of Spiritist “passe” (Spiritual healing) on stress hormone, pain, physiological parameters and length of stay in preterm newborns: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
- Short Communication
- A pilot-study of hypnotherapy as complementary treatment for pain in chronic pancreatitis
- Neuroprotective effect of curcumin nanoparticles against rat model of status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine
- Yoga practice to improve sleep quality and body composition parameters of obese male - a randomized controlled trial
- Association between a guided meditation practice, sleep and psychological well-being in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
- Case study
- Effect of yoga and naturopathy on liver, renal and cardiorespiratory functions of a patient with hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension and ascites: a case report
- Review
- Phytochemistry, bioactivity: suggestion of Ceratonia siliqua L. as neurodegenerative disease therapy
- Abstracts
- 2018 INCAM Research Symposium: Complementary and Integrative Medicine Research in an Era of Skepticism
Articles in the same Issue
- Pre-clinical Studies
- Acute and subacute toxicity of aqueous extract of the tuber of Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn in Wistar rats
- Protective effects of persian honey, Apis Mellifera Meda Skorikov on side effects of chemotherapy and ischemia/reperfusion induced testicular injury
- Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and essential oils from Calamintha nepeta L.
- Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts from Nauclea pobeguinii (Rubiacee) in rats
- Testicular and spermatotoxic potential of methanol extract of red cultivar Allium cepa in rats
- Clinical Studies
- Premature ovarian failure of autoimmune etiology in 46XX patients: is there a hope?
- African crocus (Curculigo pilosa) and wonderful kola (Buchholzia coriacea) seeds modulate critical enzymes relevant to erectile dysfunction and oxidative stress
- Effect of foot reflexology and slow stroke back massage on the severity of fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A semi-experimental study
- Effects of Spiritist “passe” (Spiritual healing) on stress hormone, pain, physiological parameters and length of stay in preterm newborns: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
- Short Communication
- A pilot-study of hypnotherapy as complementary treatment for pain in chronic pancreatitis
- Neuroprotective effect of curcumin nanoparticles against rat model of status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine
- Yoga practice to improve sleep quality and body composition parameters of obese male - a randomized controlled trial
- Association between a guided meditation practice, sleep and psychological well-being in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
- Case study
- Effect of yoga and naturopathy on liver, renal and cardiorespiratory functions of a patient with hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension and ascites: a case report
- Review
- Phytochemistry, bioactivity: suggestion of Ceratonia siliqua L. as neurodegenerative disease therapy
- Abstracts
- 2018 INCAM Research Symposium: Complementary and Integrative Medicine Research in an Era of Skepticism