Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like activities of aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in mice
-
Solomon Umukoro
, Benneth Ben-Azu
, Azeez O. Iyiola , Bamboye Adeboye , Abayomi M. Ajayi , Adaeze Adebesin und Osarume Omorobge
Abstract
Background
Anxiety is a common ailment of high co-morbidity with epilepsy, a chronic neurologic disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Current drugs used for these conditions have several limitations such as disabling side effects, relapse, and ineffectiveness in certain population necessitating the search for alternative options. The aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CYC) is widely used for its various health-promoting effects including relief of seizures and anxiety in ethnomedicine. This present study describes its effects on convulsions, anxiety-like behaviors, and social interaction in mice.
Methods
Male Swiss mice were pretreated orally with CYC (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), or distilled water (10 mL/kg) 60 min before induction of convulsions with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of picrotoxin (10 mg/kg), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg/kg), or isoniazid (300 mg/kg). The animals were then observed for the occurrence of seizure for 30 min or 2 h for isoniazid. The effects of CYC on anxiety-like behaviors, social interaction, and spontaneous motor activity (SMA) were evaluated in naive mice.
Results
CYC (25–100 mg/kg) did not prevent convulsions nor delay the latency to convulsions induced by picrotoxin, PTZ, or isoniazid. Pretreatment with CYC (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) produced anxiolytic-like effect, decreased SMA, and also enhanced social interaction behavior in naive mice.
Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that CYC did not exhibit an anticonvulsant property in mice injected with picrotoxin, PTZ, or isoniazid, but its anxiolytic-like activity and social interaction-promoting effect might be of benefit as an adjuvant in improving the quality of life of epileptic patients.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the technical staff of the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, for their kind assistance during the experimental studies.
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: Research involving animals were carried out in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guideline for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
References
[1] Yin HY, Ahmad N, Makmor-Bakry M. Pathogenesis of epilepsy: challenges in animal models. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2013;16:1119–32.Suche in Google Scholar
[2] McNamara JO. Emerging insight into the genesis of epilepsy. Nature 1999;399:15–22.10.1038/399a015Suche in Google Scholar
[3] Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Fristch B, Qashu F, Braga MF. Pathology and pathophysiology of the amygdala in epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2008;78:102–16.10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.11.011Suche in Google Scholar
[4] Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Sander JW, Newton CP. Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia 2010;51:883–90.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02481.xSuche in Google Scholar
[5] Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Wagner RG. Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies. Lacent Neurol 2013;12:253–63.10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70003-6Suche in Google Scholar
[6] Baskind R, Birbeck GL. Epilepsy-associated stigma in sub-Saharan Africa: the social landscape of a disease. Epilepsy Behav 2005;7:68–73.10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.04.009Suche in Google Scholar
[7] Ekeh BC, Ekrikpo UB. The knowledge, attitude, and perception towards epilepsy amongst medical students in Uyo, Southern Nigeria. Adv Med 2015;2015:6.10.1155/2015/876135Suche in Google Scholar
[8] Vazquez B, Devinsky O. Epilepsy and anxiety. Epilepsy Behav 2001;4(Suppl. 4):20–5.10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.10.005Suche in Google Scholar
[9] Chapouthier G, Venault P. A pharmacological link between epilepsy and anxiety? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001;22:491–3.10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01807-1Suche in Google Scholar
[10] López-Gómez M, Espinola M, Ramirez-Bermudez J, Martinez-Juarez IE, Sosa AL. Clinical presentation of anxiety among patients with epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008;4:1235–9.10.2147/NDT.S3990Suche in Google Scholar
[11] White HS. Clinical significance of animal seizure models and mechanism of action studies of potential antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1997;38:S9–17.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb04523.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Chin JH. Epilepsy treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: closing the gap. Afr Health Sci 2012;12:186–92.10.4314/ahs.v12i2.17Suche in Google Scholar
[13] Manchishi SM. Recent advances in antiepileptic herbal medicine. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018;16:79–83.10.2174/1570159X15666170518151809Suche in Google Scholar
[14] Figueirinha A, Paranhos A, Perez-Alonso J, Santos-buelga C, Batista M. Cymbopogon citratus leaves: characterisation of flavonoids by HPLCPDA-ESI/MS/MS and an approach to their potential as a source of bioactive polyphenols. Food Chem 2008;110:718–28.10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.045Suche in Google Scholar
[15] Devi RC, Sim M, Ismail R. Effect of Cymbopogon citratus and citral on vascular smooth muscle of the isolated thoracic rat aorta. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2012;2012:8.10.1155/2012/539475Suche in Google Scholar
[16] Carlini E, Contar DD, Silva-Filho AR, da Silveira-Filho NG, Frochtengarten ML, Bueno OF. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). I. Effects of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol 1986;17:37–64.10.1016/0378-8741(86)90072-3Suche in Google Scholar
[17] Leite JR, Seabra MD, Maluf E. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. J Ethnopharmacol 1986;17:75–83.10.1016/0378-8741(86)90074-7Suche in Google Scholar
[18] Gbenou JD, Ahounou JF, Akakpo HB, Laleye A, Yayi E, Gbaguidi F, et al. Phytochemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties on Wistar rats. Mol Biol Rep 2013;40:1127–34.10.1007/s11033-012-2155-1Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[19] Blanco MM, Costa A, Freire AO, Santos Jr JG, Costa M. Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. Phytomedicine 2009;16:265–70.10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[20] Dudhgaonkar MM. Evaluation of anti-depressant effect of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) in albino mice. J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2014;3:656–60.10.5455/2319-2003.ijbcp20140817Suche in Google Scholar
[21] Yang Z, Xi J, Li J, Qu W. Biphasic effect of citral, a flavoring and scenting agent, on spatial learning and memory in rats. Pharmacol Biochemist Behav 2009;93:391–6.10.1016/j.pbb.2009.05.016Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] Umukoro S, Ogboh ST, Omorogbe O, Adekeye AA, Olatunde MO. Evidence for the involvement of monoaminergic pathways in the antidepressant-like activity of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. Drug Res 2017;67:1–6.10.1055/s-0043-106586Suche in Google Scholar
[23] Umukoro S, Adeyinka HA, Ben-Azu B, Ajayi MA. Lemon grass tea enhances memory function and attenuates scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice via inhibition of oxidative stress and acetyl-cholinesterase activity. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 2018;24:1–14.10.1080/10496475.2018.1520777Suche in Google Scholar
[24] Kendall DA, Fox DA, Enna SJ. Anticonvulsant profile of gamma vinyl GABA. Neuropharmacol 1981;20:4–10.10.1016/0028-3908(81)90008-3Suche in Google Scholar
[25] Corda MG, Costa E, Guidtti A. Specific proconvulsant action of an imidazobendiate pine (RO-15-1788) on isoniazid convulsions. Neuropharmacology 1982;21:91–4.10.1016/0028-3908(82)90217-9Suche in Google Scholar
[26] Bruhwyler J, Chleide E, Houbeau G, Mercier M. Stimulant effect of the beta-carboline FG 7142 in the open-field test. Eur J Pharmacol 1981;200:183–5.10.1016/0014-2999(91)90685-JSuche in Google Scholar
[27] Pellow S, Chopin P, File ST, Briely B. Validation of open-closed arm entries in elevated plus maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Meth 1985;14:149–67.10.1016/0165-0270(85)90031-7Suche in Google Scholar
[28] Crawley JN. Neuropharmacologic specificity of a simple animal model for the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981;15:695–9.10.1016/0091-3057(81)90007-1Suche in Google Scholar
[29] Rogawski MA, Porter RJ. Antiepileptic drugs: pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds. Pharmacol Rev 1990;42:224–7.Suche in Google Scholar
[30] Löscher W, Hönack D, Fassbender CP, Nolting B. The role of technical, biological and pharmacological factors in the laboratory evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs-pentylentetrazole seizure models. Epilepsy Res 1991;8:171–89.10.1016/0920-1211(91)90062-KSuche in Google Scholar
[31] Akaike W, Hattori K, Ocmura Y, Carpenter DO. Bicuculline and picrotoxin block gamma-amniobutyric acid-gated chloride ion conductance by different mechanisms. Experiential 1985;41:70–1.10.1007/BF02005880Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[32] Yoon KW, Covey DF, Rothman SM. Multiple mechanisms of picrotoxin block of GABA-induced currents in rat hippocampal neurons. J Physiol 1993;464:423–39.10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019643Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[33] Bassin S, Smith TL, Bleck TP. Clinical review: status epilepticus. Crit Care 2002;6:137–42.10.1186/cc1472Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[34] Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Green JL, Rumack BH, Dart RC. Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila.) 2010;49:910–41.10.3109/15563650.2011.635149Suche in Google Scholar
[35] Minns AB, Ghafouri N, Clark RF. Isoniazid-induced status epilepticus in a pediatric patient after inadequate pyridoxine therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care 2010;26:380–1.10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181db24b6Suche in Google Scholar
[36] Newsom-Davis I, Goldstein LH, Fitzpatrick D. Fear of seizures: an investigation and treatment. Seizure 1988;7:101–16.10.1016/S1059-1311(98)80064-2Suche in Google Scholar
[37] Costa CA, Gargano AC, Costa M. Anxiolytic-like effect of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus in experimental procedures in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006;16:S475–5.10.1016/S0924-977X(06)70630-7Suche in Google Scholar
[38] Costa CA, Kohn DO, de Lima VM, Gargano AC, Flório JC, Costa M. The GABAergic system contributes to the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137:828–36.10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[39] Monte AS, de Souza GC, Mclntyre RS, Joanna KS, dos Santos IV, Rafaela CC, et al. Prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced schizophrenia related behavior by minocycline in mice: possible involvement of antioxidant and nitrergic pathway. J Psychopharmacol 2013;27:1032–43.10.1177/0269881113503506Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[40] Huhman KL. Social conflict models: can they inform us about human psychopathology? Hormones Behav 2006;50:640–6.10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[41] Vasconcelos M, Stein DJ, Almeida RM. Social defeat protocol and relevant biomarkers, implications for stress response physiology, drug abuse, mood disorders and individual stress vulnerability: a systematic review of the last decade. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2015;37:51–66.10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0034Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[42] Havranek MM, Volkart F, Bolliger B, Roos S, Buschner M, Mansour R, et al. The fear of being laughed at as additional diagnostic criterion in social anxiety disorder and avoidant personality disorder? PLoS One 2017;12:e0188024.10.1371/journal.pone.0188024Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[43] Fandohan P, Gnonlonfn B, Laleye A, Gbenou JD, Darboux R, Moudachirou M. Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats. Food Chem Tox 2008;46:2493–7.10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[44] Nourmohammadi I, Athari-Nikazm S, Vafa MR, Bidari A, Jazayeri S, Hoshyarrad A, et al. Effects of antioxidant supplementations on oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Biol Sci 2010;10:63–6.10.3923/jbs.2010.63.66Suche in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Minireview
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mitragynine, the principle alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa: present knowledge and future directions in perspective of pain
- Original Articles
- Trehalose protects against spinal cord injury through regulating heat shock proteins 27 and 70 and caspase-3 genes expression
- Evaluation of cytogenotoxic potential of Morinda lucida leaf extract on Swiss albino male mice using two bioassays
- Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of calcium carbide and ethylene glycol in Wistar albino rats
- Evaluation of the possible hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potentials of the Averrhoa carambola juice extract in female albino rats
- Chlorpyrifos and its metabolite modulates angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo
- Prescribing pattern of antihypertensive medication and adherence to Joint National Commission-8 guidelines in a rural tertiary care Indian teaching hospital
- Assessment of cardiac risk in chronic asymptomatic alcoholics using blood pressure and electrocardiogram, and the relation with duration of drinking
- Effect of ghrelin on VEGF-B and connexin-43 in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
- In vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of the n-butanol fraction of Senna podocarpa (Guill. and Perr.) leaf
- Blood pressure-reducing activity of Gongronema latifolium Benth. (Apocynaeceae) and the identification of its main phytochemicals by UHPLC Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry
- Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like activities of aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in mice
- Terpenoids and phytosteroids isolated from Commelina benghalensis Linn. with antioxidant activity
- Miscellaneous
- Suspected reactivation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis focus after non-medical abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids: a case report
- Acknowledgment
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Minireview
- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mitragynine, the principle alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa: present knowledge and future directions in perspective of pain
- Original Articles
- Trehalose protects against spinal cord injury through regulating heat shock proteins 27 and 70 and caspase-3 genes expression
- Evaluation of cytogenotoxic potential of Morinda lucida leaf extract on Swiss albino male mice using two bioassays
- Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of calcium carbide and ethylene glycol in Wistar albino rats
- Evaluation of the possible hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic potentials of the Averrhoa carambola juice extract in female albino rats
- Chlorpyrifos and its metabolite modulates angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo
- Prescribing pattern of antihypertensive medication and adherence to Joint National Commission-8 guidelines in a rural tertiary care Indian teaching hospital
- Assessment of cardiac risk in chronic asymptomatic alcoholics using blood pressure and electrocardiogram, and the relation with duration of drinking
- Effect of ghrelin on VEGF-B and connexin-43 in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
- In vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties of the n-butanol fraction of Senna podocarpa (Guill. and Perr.) leaf
- Blood pressure-reducing activity of Gongronema latifolium Benth. (Apocynaeceae) and the identification of its main phytochemicals by UHPLC Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry
- Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like activities of aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in mice
- Terpenoids and phytosteroids isolated from Commelina benghalensis Linn. with antioxidant activity
- Miscellaneous
- Suspected reactivation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis focus after non-medical abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids: a case report
- Acknowledgment