Home Influence of stacking sequence and nano-silica fortification on the physical properties of veli karuvelam – peepal hybrid natural composites
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Influence of stacking sequence and nano-silica fortification on the physical properties of veli karuvelam – peepal hybrid natural composites

  • Suderson Krishna Pillai EMAIL logo , Sivaprakash Muthukrishnan , Palaniswamy Duraisamy and Velmurugan Duraisamy
Published/Copyright: May 9, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
International Polymer Processing
From the journal International Polymer Processing Volume 39 Issue 4

Abstract

A hybrid composite incorporating veli karuvelam and peepal fibers was fabricated, with the addition of nanosilica as a filler to enhance composite performance. The impact of nanosilica and layering sequence on the physical properties of the composites was investigated. Initially, two types of hybrid composites i.e. peepal/veli karuvelam/peepal (PVP) and veli karuvelam/peepal/veli karuvelam (VPV) were developed by means of hand layup method, varying the layering sequence of veli karuvelam and peepal fibers. The PVP composite was identified as the most promising based on tensile strength (71 MPa), attributed to the optimal packing of high-strength peepal fibers. Subsequently, nanosilica was incorporated into the PVP composite at different weight percentages (1, 2 and 3), and its influence on composite performance was analyzed. The PVP composite containing 2 wt% SiO2 showed impressive mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 76 MPa, a flexural strength of 104 MPa, an impact strength of 4.5 kJ/m2, and a hardness of 89 on the Shore D scale. The findings indicate that a PVP composite containing 2 wt% SiO2 has potential for use in engineering applications.

Keywords: natural composite; veli karuvelam fiber; peepal fiber; silica; physical properties
Corresponding author: Suderson Krishna Pillai, Department of Automobile Engineering, Narayanaguru College of Engineering, Manjalumoodu, Tamilnadu, 629151, India, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: Suderson Krishna Pillai: Planning, research execution and manuscript preparation. Sivaprakash Muthukrishnan: Planning, material collection and manuscript preparation. Palaniswamy Duraisamy: Date analysis, plotting of results and manuscript preparation. Velmurugan Duraisamy: Data analysis, software handling and manuscript preparation.

  3. Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Research funding: None declared.

  5. Data availability: Not applicable.

  6. Ethical and legal declarations: This material is the authors’ own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere. The paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. All authors have been personally and actively involved in substantial work leading to the paper, and will take public responsibility for its content.

References

Binu Kumar, V.J., Bensam Raj, J., Karuppasamy, R., and Thanigaivelan, R. (2020). Influence of chemical treatment and moisture absorption on tensile behavior of neem/banana fibers reinforced hybrid composites: an experimental investigation. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 3051–3062, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1838995.Search in Google Scholar

Brailson Mansingh, B., Binoj, J.S., Amala Mithin Minther Singh, A., and Sagai Francis Britto, A. (2023). Influence of SiC nanoparticles on properties of alkali‐treated areca fruit husk fiber/hybrid polymer composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 140: e53591, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.53591.Search in Google Scholar

Chowdary, M.S., Raghavendra, G., Kumar, M.N., Ojha, S., and Boggarapu, V. (2020). Influence of nano-silica on enhancing the mechanical properties of sisal/kevlar fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Silicon 14: 539–546, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00846-y.Search in Google Scholar

Dharmavarapu, P. and Reddy, M.S. (2021). Mechanical, low velocity impact, fatigue and tribology behaviour of silane grafted aramid fibre and nano-silica toughened epoxy composite. Silicon 13: 1741–1750, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00567-2.Search in Google Scholar

Ganapathy, T., Sathiskumar, R., Sanjay, M.R., Senthamaraikannan, P., Saravanakumar, S.S., Parameswaranpillai, J., and Siengchin, S. (2021). Effect of graphene powder on banyan aerial root fibers reinforced epoxy composites. J. Nat. Fibers 18: 1029–1036, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1675219.Search in Google Scholar

Hasan, K.F., Horváth, P.G., Zsolt, K., Kóczán, Z., Bak, M., Horváth, A., and Alpár, T. (2022). Hemp/glass woven fabric reinforced laminated nanocomposites via in-situ synthesized silver nanoparticles from Tilia cordata leaf extract. Compos. Interfaces 29: 503–521, https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2021.1979752.Search in Google Scholar

Jenish, I., Veeramalai Chinnasamy, S.G., Basavarajappa, S., Indran, S., Divya, D., Liu, Y., Sanjay, M.R., and Siengchin, S. (2022). Tribo-mechanical characterization of carbonized coconut shell micro particle reinforced with Cissus quadrangularis stem fiber/epoxy novel composite for structural application. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 2963–2979, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1838988.Search in Google Scholar

Jeyaraman, J., Jesuretnam, B.R., and Ramar, K. (2020). Effect of stacking sequence on dynamic mechanical properties of Indian almond–kenaf fiber reinforced hybrid composites. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 4381–4392, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1858219.Search in Google Scholar

Joseph, D., Raj, J.B., and Ramar, K. (2021). Thermal analysis and kinetic study of Indian almond leaf by model-free methods. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 5793–5803, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1889442.Search in Google Scholar

Krishnapillai, S., Balasubramanian, K., and Jesuretnam, B.R. (2022). Experimental investigation on the mechanical and moisture absorption behavior of Indian almond–veli karuvelam hybrid composites. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 8702–8713, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1966571.Search in Google Scholar

Madhoushi, M., Malakani, A., Ebrahimi, G., and Rashidi, A. (2020). Mechanical properties of natural fiber/polypropylene, foamed and reinforced with spherical carbon nanoparticles for application in automotive industry. For. Wood Prod. 73: 177–187.Search in Google Scholar

Manickaraj, K., Ramamoorthi, R., Sathish, S., and Johnson Santhosh, A. (2023). A comparative study on the mechanical properties of African teff and snake grass fiber-reinforced hybrid composites: effect of bio castor seed shell/glass/SiC fillers. Int. Polym. Process. 38: 551–563, https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4343.Search in Google Scholar

Mohit, H., Sanjay, M.R., Siengchin, S., Khan, A., Marwani, H.M., Dzudzevic-Cancar, H., and Asiri, A.M. (2021). Effect of TiC nanoparticles reinforcement in coir fiber based bio/synthetic epoxy hybrid composites: mechanical and thermal characteristics. J. Polym. Environ. 29: 2609–2627, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02069-7.Search in Google Scholar

Muthukrishnan, S., Iyappalam Ramakrishnan, R., Chelliah, R., Krishnaswamy, H., Bensam Raj, J., and Ramar, K. (2021). Experimental investigation on thermal and transport properties of Indian almond–kenaf hybrid composites for construction applications. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 5782–5792, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1889440.Search in Google Scholar

Nampoothiri, E.N., Bensam Raj, J., Thanigaivelan, R., and Karuppasamy, R. (2020). Experimental investigation on mechanical and biodegradation properties of indian almond–kenaf fiber-reinforced hybrid composites for construction applications. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 292–302, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1739592.Search in Google Scholar

Natarajan, P., Rajasekaran, P., Mohanraj, M., and Devi, S. (2023). Mechanical and tribological properties of snake grass fibers reinforced epoxy composites: effect of Java plum seed filler weight fraction. Int. Polym. Process. 38: 582–592, https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2023-4376.Search in Google Scholar

Natrayan, L., Kumar, P.V., Baskara Sethupathy, S., Sekar, S., Patil, P.P., Velmurugan, G., and Thanappan, S. (2022). Effect of nano TiO2 filler addition on mechanical properties of bamboo/polyester hybrid composites and parameters optimized using grey Taguchi method. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2022: 6768900, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6768900.Search in Google Scholar

Patnaik, T.K. and Nayak, S.S. (2018). Development of silicon carbide reinforced jute epoxy composites: physical, mechanical and thermo-mechanical characterizations. Silicon 10: 137–145, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-015-9393-5.Search in Google Scholar

Pulikkalparambil, H., Saravana Kumar, M., Babu, A., Ayyappan, V., Tengsuthiwat, J., Rangappa, S.M., and Siengchin, S. (2023). Effect of graphite fillers on woven bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy hybrid composites for semistructural applications: fabrication and characterization. Biomass Convers. Biorefin.: 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03811-y.Search in Google Scholar

Raja, T., Mohanavel, V., Ravichandran, M., Kumar, S.S., Albaqami, M.D., Alotabi, R.G., and Murugesan, M. (2022). Dynamic mechanical analysis of banyan/ramie fibers reinforced with nanoparticle hybrid polymer composite. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2022: 1560330, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1560330.Search in Google Scholar

Rangappa, S.M., Parameswaranpillai, J., Siengchin, S., Jawaid, M., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2022a). Bioepoxy based hybrid composites from nano-fillers of chicken feather and lignocellulose Ceiba pentandra. Sci. Rep. 12: 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04386-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Rangappa, S.M., Siengchin, S., Parameswaranpillai, J., Jawaid, M., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2022b). Lignocellulosic fiber reinforced composites: progress, performance, properties, applications, and future perspectives. Polym. Compos. 43: 645–691, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26413.Search in Google Scholar

Sanjay, M.R., Madhu, P., Jawaid, M., Senthamaraikannan, P., Senthil, S., and Pradeep, S. (2018). Characterization and properties of natural fiber polymer composites: a comprehensive review. J. Clean. Prod. 172: 566–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.101.Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, R., Sharma, D.K., Agarwal, R., Rinawa, M.L., Subbiah, R., and Kumar, P.M. (2022) Investigating the effect of nanoclay content on the mechanical characteristics of natural fiber epoxy composite. Mater. Today: Proc. 66: 1319–1323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.139.Search in Google Scholar

Shravanabelagola Nagaraja Setty, V.K., Goud, G., Peramanahalli Chikkegowda, S., Mavinkere Rangappa, S., and Siengchin, S. (2022). Characterization of chemically treated limonia acidissima (wood apple) shell powder: physicochemical, thermal, and morphological properties. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 4093–4104, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2020.1853925.Search in Google Scholar

Sundararaju Perinbakannan, A., Karuppusamy, M., and Ramar, K. (2021). Mechanical and water transport characterization of Indian almond–banana fibers reinforced hybrid composites for structural applications. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 7049–7059, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.1941489.Search in Google Scholar

Velmurugan, D., Jayakumar, J., Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin, A., and Raj, J.B. (2022). Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made with banyan and peepal fibers. J. Nat. Fibers 19: 14183–14194, https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2022.2117260.Search in Google Scholar

Verma, D., Okhawilai, M., Goh, K.L., and Sharma, M. (2023). Thermomechanical analyses of alkali-treated coconut husk-bagasse fiber-calcium carbonate hybrid composites. Sustainability 15: 1686, https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021686.Search in Google Scholar

Vignesh, S., Bensam Raj, J., Viswanath, K., and Natarajan, N. (2023). Experimental investigation on the behavior of epoxy/peepal composites fortified with silica and silicon carbide nanoparticles for industrial applications. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng.: 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2023.2289033.Search in Google Scholar

Vinay, S.S., Sanjay, M.R., Siengchin, S., and Venkatesh, C.V. (2021). Effect of Al2O3 nanofillers in basalt/epoxy composites: mechanical and tribological properties. Polym. Compos. 42: 1727–1740, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.25927.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, D., Xuan, L., Han, G., Wong, A.H., Wang, Q., and Cheng, W. (2020). Preparation and characterization of foamed wheat straw fiber/polypropylene composites based on modified nano-TiO2 particles. Composites Part A 128: 105674, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105674.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-01-28
Accepted: 2024-04-28
Published Online: 2024-05-09
Published in Print: 2024-09-25

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Probing the microstructural properties of metal-reinforced polymer composites
  4. Advancements in chemical modifications using NaOH to explore the chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of natural fiber polymer composites (NFPC)
  5. Research Articles
  6. The effect of clay reinforcement of pine pollen grains on the mechanical, anti-corrosion and anti-microbial properties of an epoxy coating
  7. Influence of stacking sequence and nano-silica fortification on the physical properties of veli karuvelam – peepal hybrid natural composites
  8. An experimental validation of diffusion-based devolatilization models in extruders using post-industrial and post-consumer plastic waste
  9. Impact of filler type and proportion on the performance of rubberized coconut fiber-polystyrene composites
  10. Evaluation of the processing conditions on the production of expanded or plasticized wood plastic composite with cashew nutshell powder
  11. Irradiation of PMMA intraocular lenses by a 365 nm UV lamp
  12. Design and simulation analysis of an extrusion structure based on screw extrusion 3D printing
https://doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2024-0022
Keywords for this article
natural composite; veli karuvelam fiber; peepal fiber; silica; physical properties

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review Articles
  3. Probing the microstructural properties of metal-reinforced polymer composites
  4. Advancements in chemical modifications using NaOH to explore the chemical, mechanical and thermal properties of natural fiber polymer composites (NFPC)
  5. Research Articles
  6. The effect of clay reinforcement of pine pollen grains on the mechanical, anti-corrosion and anti-microbial properties of an epoxy coating
  7. Influence of stacking sequence and nano-silica fortification on the physical properties of veli karuvelam – peepal hybrid natural composites
  8. An experimental validation of diffusion-based devolatilization models in extruders using post-industrial and post-consumer plastic waste
  9. Impact of filler type and proportion on the performance of rubberized coconut fiber-polystyrene composites
  10. Evaluation of the processing conditions on the production of expanded or plasticized wood plastic composite with cashew nutshell powder
  11. Irradiation of PMMA intraocular lenses by a 365 nm UV lamp
  12. Design and simulation analysis of an extrusion structure based on screw extrusion 3D printing
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 29.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ipp-2024-0022/pdf
Scroll to top button