Abstract
“Indexical shift” is said to occur when allegedly “pure” indexicals have referents other than those Kaplan codified. I argue first that indexical shift is even more widespread than has so far been recognized, occurring even in English propositional attitude and speech act reports, and that I, here, and how like he and that can be used anaphorically and demonstratively as well as deictically. I then argue that the leading theories developed to account for indexical shift are unsuccessful, focusing on bicontextualism, Schlenker’s context-quantifier theory, Deal’s context-shifting operator theory, and Eckardt’s event-based theory. They claim that the simplicity of Kaplan’s rules can be preserved by applying them to contexts other than the context of use. I show that only the context of use determines the referents of shifted indexicals, and point out the contextual features they depend on. I show finally that none of these theories can account for the de se character of shifted indexicals. To account for that, propositional attitudes must be construed as relations to structured thoughts with distinctive components expressed by indexicals.
About the author
Wayne A. Davis is Professor Emeritus in the Philosophy Department of Georgetown University, and Co-Editor-in-Chief of Philosophical Studies.
References
Alok, Deepak & Mark Baker. 2018ms. On the mechanics (syntax) of indexical shift: Evidence from allocutive agreement in Magahi. Retrieved from: https://sites.rutgers.edu/mark-baker/wp-content/uploads/sites/199/2019/07/allocutive-and-indexical-shift-shared.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Anand, Pranav. 2006. De De Se, Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT Doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Anand, Pranav & Andrew Nevins. 2004. Shifty operators in changing contexts. In Robert B. Young (ed.), Proceeding of SALT XIV, 20–37. Ithaca, NY: CLC Publication.10.3765/salt.v14i0.2913Search in Google Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R. & Edward L. Keenan. 1985. Deixis. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, vol. III: Grammatical categories and the lexicon, 259–308. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Austin, John L. 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bach, Kent. 1987. Thought and reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bach, Kent. 2005. Context ex Machina. In Zoltan Szabó (ed.), Semantics versus pragmatics, 15–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251520.003.0002Search in Google Scholar
Banfield, Ann. 1982. Unspeakable sentences (narration and representation in the language of fiction). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Search in Google Scholar
Barwise, Jon & John Perry. 1981. Situations and attitudes. Journal of Philosophy 78. 668–691. https://doi.org/10.2307/2026578.Search in Google Scholar
Barwise, Jon & John Perry. 1983. Situations and attitudes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bennett, Michael. 1978. Demonstratives and indexicals in Montague grammar. Synthese 39. 1–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00485407.Search in Google Scholar
Bhat, Darbhe Narayana Shankara. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Bittner, Maria. 2007. Online update: Temporal, modal, and de se anaphora in polysynthetic discourse. In Chris Barker & Pauline I. Jacobson (eds.), Direct compositionality, 363–404. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199204373.003.0011Search in Google Scholar
Bittner, Maria. 2014. Perspectival discourse referents for indexicals. In Hannah Green (ed.), Proceedings of SULA7 (Cornell 2012), 1–22. Amherst, MA: Graduate Student Linguistics Association.Search in Google Scholar
Braun, David. 1996. Demonstratives and their linguistic meanings. Noûs 30. 145–173. https://doi.org/10.2307/2216291.Search in Google Scholar
Brogaard, Berit. 2013. An empirically-informed cognitive theory of propositions. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 43. 534–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2013.870722.Search in Google Scholar
Castañeda, Hector-Neri. 1968. On the logic of attributions of self-knowledge to others. Journal of Philosophy 65. 439–456. https://doi.org/10.2307/2024296.Search in Google Scholar
Chierchia, Gennaro & Sally McConnell-Ginet. 1990. Meaning and grammar: An introduction to semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Ciecierski, Tadeusz. 2022. A note on the demonstrative uses of indexicals. Logique et Analyse 258. 151–166.Search in Google Scholar
Ciecierski, Tadeusz & Jakub Rudnicki. 2023. A not-so-simple rule for ‘I’. The Philosophical Quarterly 73. 1100–1119. https://doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqad025.Search in Google Scholar
Clements, George N. 1975. The logophoric pronoun in Ewe: Its role in discourse. The Journal of West African Languages 2. 141–177.Search in Google Scholar
Cohen, Jonathan. 2013. Indexicality and the puzzle of the answering machine. The Journal of Philosophy 110. 5–32. https://doi.org/10.5840/jphil2013110143.Search in Google Scholar
Colterjohn, Julia & Duncan MacIntosh. 1987. Gerald vision and indexicals. Analysis 47. 58–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/3328713.Search in Google Scholar
Corazza, Eros. 2004a. On the alleged ambiguity of ‘now’ and ‘here.’ Synthese 138. 289–313.10.1023/B:SYNT.0000013244.65400.a0Search in Google Scholar
Corazza, Eros. 2004b. Reflecting the mind: Indexicality and quasi-indexicality. Oxford: Clarendon Press.10.1093/019927018X.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Corazza, Eros, William Fish & Jonathan Gorvett. 2002. Who is I? Philosophical Studies 107. 1–21.10.1023/A:1013111419036Search in Google Scholar
Cristofaro, Sonia. 2003. Subordination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2008. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.10.1002/9781444302776Search in Google Scholar
Davidson, Donald. 1967. The logical form of action sentences. In Nicholas Rescher (ed.), The logic of decision and action, 81–95. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.10.2307/jj.13027259.6Search in Google Scholar
Davies, John. 1981. Kobon. Amsterdam: North Holland.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2003. Meaning, expression, and thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2005. Nondescriptive meaning and reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/0199261652.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2008a. Précis of meaning, expression, and thought. Philosophical Studies 137. 383–388.10.1007/s11098-007-9126-8Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2008b. Responses to Green, Szabó, Jeshion, and Siebel. Philosophical Studies 137. 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-007-9128-6.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2013. Indexicals and de se attitudes. In Neil Feit & Alessandro Capone (eds.), Attitudes ‘de se’: Linguistics, epistemology, metaphysics, 29–58. Palo Alto, CA: CSLI Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2016a. Irregular negatives, implicatures, and idioms. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-94-017-7546-5Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2016b. A theory of saying reports. In Alessandro Capone, Ferenc Kiefer & Franco Lo Piparo (eds.), Indirect reports and pragmatics: Interdisciplinary studies, 291–332. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-21395-8_15Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2017a. Ideo- and auto-reflexive quotation. In Paul Saka & Michael Johnson (eds.), The semantics and pragmatics of quotation, 303–333. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-68747-6_11Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2017b. The property theory and de se attitudes. In Maria de Ponte & Kepa Korta (eds.), Reference and representation in thought and language, 195–223. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2017c. Transparent reports as free-form idioms. In Rachel Giora & Michael Haugh (eds.), Doing pragmatics interculturally: Cognitive, philosophical, and sociopragmatic perspectives, 193–214. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110546095-011Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2018. Three accounts of propositional relation reports. Intercultural Pragmatics 15. 237–269. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2018-0006.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2021a. Cognitive propositions and semantic values. Inquiry 64. 383–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174x.2018.1562375.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2021b. Cognitive propositions and semantic expression. Intercultural Pragmatics 18. 337–358. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2021-2012.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2021c. Structured propositions as cognitive event types. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 102. 665–692.https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12690.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2022a. Quotational and other opaque belief reports. Analytic Philosophy 63. 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/phib.12239.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. 2022b. Quotational reports. Linguistics and Philosophy 45. 1063–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-021-09342-x.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Wayne A. ms. Indexical meaning and concepts.Search in Google Scholar
Deal, Amy. 2020. Theory of indexical shift. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/12374.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Demirok, Ömer F. & Balkuz Öztürk. 2015. The logophoric complementizer in Laz. Dilbilim Arastirmalarit Dergisi 26. 45–69.10.18492/dad.08998Search in Google Scholar
DeRose, K. 2009. The case for contextualism: Knowledge, skepticism, and context, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Doron, Edit. 1991. Point of view as a factor of content. In Stephen Moore & Adam Wyner (eds.), Proceeding of SALT 1, 51–64. Ithaca, NY: CLC Publication.10.3765/salt.v1i0.2997Search in Google Scholar
Duncan, Randy & Matthew J. Smith. 2017. How the graphic novel works. In S. E. Tabachnick (ed.), The Cambridge companion to the graphic novel, 8–25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316258316.003Search in Google Scholar
Eckardt, Regine. 2014. The semantics of free indirect discourse: How texts allow us to mind-read and eavesdrop. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004266735Search in Google Scholar
Eckardt, Regine. 2015. Utterance events and indirect speech. Grazer Linguistische Studien 83. 27–46.Search in Google Scholar
Egan, Andy & Brian Weatherson. 2011. Epistemic modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591596.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Fabricius-Hansen, Catherine & Kjell J. Sæbø. 2004. In a mediative mood: The semantics of the German reportive subjunctive. Natural Language Semantics 12. 213–257.10.1023/B:NALS.0000034514.27887.d9Search in Google Scholar
Feit, Neil & Alessandro Capone. 2013. Attitudes De Se. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Fillmore, Charles J. 2003. Construction grammar. In William J. Frawley (ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics, 2nd edn., 387–389. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fleck, David W. 2003. A grammar of Matses. Houston, TX: Rice University Doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Frege, Gottob. 1892. On sense and reference. In Peter Geach & Max Dowden (eds.), Translations from the philosophical writings of Gottlob Frege, 56–78. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1952. From Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 100, 25-50.Search in Google Scholar
Gale, Richard M. 1967. Indexical signs, egocentric particulars, and token-reflexive words. In Paul Edwards (ed.), Encyclopedia of philosophy, vol. 4, 151–154. New York: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar
Georgi, Geoff. 2018. Demonstratives and indexicals. In James Feiser & Bradley Dowden (eds.), Internet encyclopedia of philosophy, 1–42.Search in Google Scholar
González-Romero, Luisa. 2005. Deixis. In Philipp Strazny (ed.), Encyclopedia of linguistics, 260–262. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn.Search in Google Scholar
Grice, H. Paul. 1989. Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hagège, Claude. 1974. Les pronoms logophoriques. Bulletin de l’Association de Paris 69. 287–310.Search in Google Scholar
Haiman, John. 1985. Natural syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hanks, Peter. W. 2011. Structured propositions as types. Mind 120. 11–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzr011.Search in Google Scholar
Hanks, Peter. W. 2015. Propositional content. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684892.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Hanks, William F. 2018. Deixis and pragmatics. In Mark Aranof (ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of linguistics, 1–26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.213Search in Google Scholar
Higginbotham, James. 1988. Contexts, models, and meanings: A note on the data of semantics. In Ruth Kempson (ed.), Mental representations: The interface between language and reality, 29–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Higginbotham, James. 2010. On words and thoughts about oneself. In Isadora Stojanovich, Francois Recanati & Neftali Villanueva (eds.), Context-dependence, perspective, and relativity, 253–282. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110227772.4.253Search in Google Scholar
Higginbotham, James. 2013. Speaking (and some thinking) of oneself. In Neil Feit & Alessandro Capone (eds.), Attitudes ‘de se’: Linguistics, epistemology, metaphysics, 59–67. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Search in Google Scholar
Hintikka, Jaakko. 1962. Knowledge and belief. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hintikka, Jaakko. 1969. Models for modality. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.10.1007/978-94-010-1711-4_5Search in Google Scholar
Hintikka, Jaakko. 1998. Perspectival identification, demonstratives, and “small worlds.”. Synthese 114. 203–232.10.1023/A:1005072129158Search in Google Scholar
Huang, Yan. 2006. Anaphora, Cataphora, Exophora, Logophoricity. In Keith Brown (ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 2nd edn., 231–240. Amsterdam: Elsevier.10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01084-1Search in Google Scholar
Huddleston, Rodney & Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781316423530Search in Google Scholar
Hunter, Julie. 2012. Now: A discourse-based theory. In Maria Aloni, Vadim Kimmelman, Floris Roelofsen, Galit W. Sassoon, Katrin Schulz & Matthijs Westera (eds.), Amsterdam colloquium 2011, LNCS 7218, 371–380. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Hunter, Julie. 2013. Presuppositional indexicals. Journal of Semantics 30. 381–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffs013.Search in Google Scholar
Jespersen, Otto. 1922. Language: Its nature, development, and origin. London: Allen & Unwin.Search in Google Scholar
Johnston, David K. 2009. Propositions and propositional acts. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 39. 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1353/cjp.0.0056.Search in Google Scholar
Kaplan, David. 1977. Demonstratives. In Joseph Almog, John Perry & Howard Wettstein (eds.), Themes from Kaplan, 481–563. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989.Search in Google Scholar
Kaplan, David. 1978. Dthat. In P. Cole (ed.), Syntax and semantics, 9: Pragmatics, 221–253. New York: Academic Press.10.1163/9789004368873_008Search in Google Scholar
Kaplan, David. 1979. On the logic of demonstratives. In Peter French, Theodore E. Uehling & Howard Wettstein (eds.), Contemporary perspectives in the philosophy of language, 410–414. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kaplan, David. 1989. Afterthoughts. In Joseph Almog, John Perry & Howard Wettstein (eds.), Themes from Kaplan, 565–614. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Leezenberg, Michael. 1994. Indexicals. In Ronald Asher (ed.), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 1648–1651. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Search in Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 1992. Deixis. In William Bright (ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics, 1st edn., vol. 1, 343–344. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 1994. Deixis. In Ronald E. Asher (ed.), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics, vol. 2, 853–857. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Search in Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C. 2003. Deixis. In William J. Frawley (ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics, 2nd edn., vol. 1, 423–424. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Lewis, David. 1970. Anselm and actuality. Noûs 4. 175–188. https://doi.org/10.2307/2214320.Search in Google Scholar
Lewis, David. 1979. Attitudes de dicto and de se. Philosophical Review 88. 513–543. https://doi.org/10.2307/2184843.Search in Google Scholar
Lewis, David. 1996. Elusive knowledge. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74. 549–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048409612347521.Search in Google Scholar
Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Ludwig, Kirk & Greg, Ray. 2017. Unity in the variety of quotation. In Paul, Saka & Michael, Johnson (eds.), The Semantics and pragmatics of quotation, 99–134. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-68747-6_5Search in Google Scholar
Magidor, Ofra. 2015. The myth of the de se. Philosophical Perspectives 29. 250–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpe.12065.Search in Google Scholar
Major, Travis. 2022. Revisiting the syntax of monsters in Uyghur. Linguistic Inquiry 53. 780–807.10.1162/ling_a_00424Search in Google Scholar
Matthews, Peter H. 2014. The concise Oxford dictionary of linguistics, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
McFadden, Thomas & Sandhya Sundaresan. 2022ms. On the grammar of allocutivity and indexical shift.Search in Google Scholar
Michaelson, Eliot. 2014. Shifty characters. Philosophical Studies 167. 519–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-013-0109-7.Search in Google Scholar
Moltmann, Friederike. 2013. Propositions, attitudinal objects, and the distinction between actions and products. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 43. 679–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2014.892770.Search in Google Scholar
Mount, Allyson. 2008. The impurity of ‘pure’ indexicals. Philosophical Studies 138. 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-006-9031-6.Search in Google Scholar
Mount, Allyson. 2015. Character, impropriety, and success: A unified account of indexicals. Mind & Language 30. 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12069.Search in Google Scholar
Munro, Pamela. 1982. On the transitivity of “say” verbs. In Paul Hopper & Sandra A. Thompson (eds.), Studies in transitivity, 301–318. New York: Academic Press.10.1163/9789004368903_017Search in Google Scholar
Munro, Robert, Rainer Ludwig, Uli Sauerland & David W. Fleck. 2012. Reported speech in Matses: Perspective persistence and evidential narratives. International Journal of American Linguistics 78. 41–74. https://doi.org/10.1086/662637.Search in Google Scholar
Niemeck, Maik. 2023. Revisiting the argument for non-conceptual self-consciousness based on the meaning of ‘I.’ Review of Philosophy and Psychology 14. 1505–1523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-022-00655-9.Search in Google Scholar
Ninan, Dilap. 2010. De se attitudes: Ascription and communication. Philosophy Compass 5. 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-022-00655-9.Search in Google Scholar
Nishiguchi, Sumiyo. 2017. Indexical shifting in Dhaasanac and Somali. In Vera Hohaus & Wanda Rothe (eds.), Proceedings of triple A 3, 47–55. Tubingen: Universitatsbibliothek Tubingen.Search in Google Scholar
Nishiguchi, Sumiyo. 2021. Sound and meaning in East Cushitic languages: Dhaasaniac, Burji, Rendille, Somali, and Afar. Singapore: Springer.10.1007/978-981-15-6972-2Search in Google Scholar
Nunberg, Geoffrey. 1992. Two kinds of indexicality. In Chris Baker & David Dowty (eds.), Proceedings of the second conference on semantics and linguistic theory, 283–301. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Department of Linguistics.10.3765/salt.v2i0.3042Search in Google Scholar
Nunberg, Geoffrey. 1993. Indexicality and deixis. Linguistics and Philosophy 16. 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00984721.Search in Google Scholar
Nunberg, Geoffrey. 2004. Descriptive indexicals and indexical descriptions. In Marga Reimer & Anne Bezuidenhout (eds.), Descriptions and beyond, 261–279. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199270514.003.0007Search in Google Scholar
Park, Yangsook. 2014. Indexicals and the long-distnce reflexive caki in Korean. Presented at the GLOW 37, KU Leuven, Brussels. Retrieved from: https://glowlinguistics.org/37/pdf/talk1-park.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Park, Yangsook. 2018. Attitudes de se and logophoricity. Linguistics, University of Massachusetts Doctoral dissertation. Retrieved from: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2281&context=dissertations_2.Search in Google Scholar
Partee, Barbara. 1973. Some structural analogies between tenses and pronouns in English. Journal of Philosophy 70. 601–609. https://doi.org/10.2307/2025024.Search in Google Scholar
Peacocke, Christopher. 1983. Sense and content: Experience, thought, and their relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Perry, John. 1977. Frege on demonstratives. Philosophical Review 86. 474–497. https://doi.org/10.2307/2184564.Search in Google Scholar
Perry, John. 1979. The problem of the essential indexical. Noûs 13. 3–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/2214792.Search in Google Scholar
Perry, John. 2003. Predelli’s threatening note: Contexts, utterances, and tokens in the philosophy of language. Journal of Pragmatics 35. 373–387.10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00141-8Search in Google Scholar
Perry, John. 2020. Singular thoughts. In Rachel Goodman, James Genone & Nick Kroll (eds.), Singular thought and mental files, 143–158. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198746881.003.0007Search in Google Scholar
Potts, Christopher. 2007. The dimensions of quotation. In Chris Barker & Pauline I. Jacobson (eds.), Direct compositionality, 405–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from: https://web.stanford.edu/∼cgpotts/papers/potts-brown-paper-quotation.pdf.10.1093/oso/9780199204373.003.0012Search in Google Scholar
Predelli, Stefano. 1998. I am not here now. Analysis 58. 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.2.107.Search in Google Scholar
Quine, Willard V. O. 1960. Word and object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.Search in Google Scholar
Radulescu, Alexandru. 2018. The difference between indexicals and demonstratives. Synthese 195. 3173–3196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-017-1367-2.Search in Google Scholar
Recanati, François. 1990. Direct reference, meaning, and thought. Noûs 24. 697–722. https://doi.org/10.2307/2215810.Search in Google Scholar
Reichenbach, Hans. 1947. Elements of symbolic logic. New York: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar
Reiland, Indrek. 2013. Propositional attitudes and mental acts. Thought 1. 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/tht3.42.Search in Google Scholar
Rendsvig, Rasmus, John Symons & Yanjing Wang. 2025. Epistemic logic. In E. N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, 67, 1. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.Search in Google Scholar
Reuland, Eric. 2007. Logophoricity. In Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), The Blackwell companion to syntax, 1–20. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.10.1002/9780470996591.ch38Search in Google Scholar
Rice, Karen. 1986. Some remarks on direct and indirect speech in Slave (Northern Athapaskan). In F. Coulmas (ed.), Direct and indirect speech, 47–76. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Richard, Mark. 2004. Contextualism and relativism. Philosophical Studies 119. 215–242.10.1023/B:PHIL.0000029358.77417.dfSearch in Google Scholar
Roberts, Lawrence D. 1984. Russell on the semantics and pragmatics of indexicals. Philosophia 14. 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02378963.Search in Google Scholar
Santorio, Paolo. 2012. Reference and monstrosity. Philosophical Review 121. 359–406. https://doi.org/10.1215/00318108-1574427.Search in Google Scholar
Schiffer, Stephen. 1978. The basis of reference. Erkenntnis 13. 171–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00160893.Search in Google Scholar
Schlenker, Philippe. 1999. Propositional attitudes and indexicality: A cross-categorial approach. Department of Linguistics, MIT Doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Schlenker, Philippe. 2003a. A plea for monsters. Linguistics and Philosophy 26. 29–120.10.1023/A:1022225203544Search in Google Scholar
Schlenker, Philippe. 2003b. Indexicality, logophoricity, and plural pronouns. In J. Lecarne (ed.), Research in Afroasiatic grammar II, 409–428. Paris: Benjamins, J. L.10.1075/cilt.241.19schSearch in Google Scholar
Schlenker, Philippe. 2004. Context of thought and context of utterance: A note on free indirect discourse and the historical present. Mind & Language 19. 279–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2004.00259.x.Search in Google Scholar
Schlenker, Philippe. 2011. Indexicality and de se reports. In Klaus Von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn & Paul Portner (eds.), Semantics: An international handbook of natural language meaning, 1561–1604. Boston and Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Search in Google Scholar
Schlenker, Philippe. 2018. Indexicals. In Sven O. Hansson & Vincent F. Hendricks (eds.), Introduction to formal philosophy, 297–321. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-77434-3_14Search in Google Scholar
Searle, John. 1968. Austin on locutionary and illocutionary acts. Philosophical Review 77. 405–424. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183008.Search in Google Scholar
Sharvit, Yael. 2008. The puzzle of free indirect discourse. Linguistics and Philosophy 31. 353–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-008-9039-9.Search in Google Scholar
Shklovsky, Kirill & Yasutada Sudo. 2014. The syntax of monsters. Linguistic Inquiry 45. 381–402.10.1162/LING_a_00160Search in Google Scholar
Sidelle, Alan. 1991. The answering machine paradox. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 21. 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1991.10717260.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, Quenten. 1989. The multiple uses of indexicals. Synthese 78. 167–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00869371.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, Joel. 2024. Self-consciousness. In E. N. Zalta (ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy, 1–98 (pdf)). Stanford, CA: Stanford University.Search in Google Scholar
Soames, Scott. 2002. Beyond rigidity: The unfinished semantic agenda of naming and necessity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/0195145283.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Soames, Scott. 2010. What is meaning? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Soames, Scott. 2013. Cognitive propositions. Philosophical Perspectives 27(Philosophy of Language). 479–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpe.12030.Search in Google Scholar
Soames, Scott. 2015. Rethinking language, mind, and meaning. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400866335Search in Google Scholar
Soames, Scott. 2016. Rethinking language, mind, and meaning. Philosophical Studies 173. 2529–2532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-016-0635-1.Search in Google Scholar
Speas, Margaret. 2000. Person and point of view in Navajo. In Andrew Carnie, Eloise Jelinek & MaryAnn Willie (eds.), Papers in honor of Ken Hale, 259–273. Cambridge, MA: MITWPL.Search in Google Scholar
Speas, Peggy & Carol Tenny. 2003. Configurational properties of point of view roles. In A. DiSciullo (ed.), Asymmetry in grammar, 315–345. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.57.15speSearch in Google Scholar
Sportiche, Dominique. 2003. Pronouns: Pronominals. In William J. Frawley (ed.), International encyclopedia of linguistics, 2nd edn., 407–409. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Stalnaker, Robert. 2006. On logics of knowledge and belief. Philosophical Studies 128. 169–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-005-4062-y.Search in Google Scholar
Sudo, Yasutada. 2012. On the semantics of Phi features on pronouns. MIT Doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Sundaresan, Sandhya. 2012. A plea for syntax and a return to first principles: Monstrous agreement in Tamil. In Neil Ashton, Anca Chereches & David Lutz (eds.), Proceeding of SALT 21, 674–693. Linguistics Society of America.10.3765/salt.v21i0.2626Search in Google Scholar
Sundaresan, Sandhya. 2019ms. An alternative theory of indexical shift. Retrieved from: https://www.mmll.cam.ac.uk/files/handout_sundaresan_november_2019.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Sundaresan, Sandhya. 2021. Shifty attitudes: Indexical-shift vx. Perspectival anpahora. Annual Review of Linguistics 7. 235–259. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-051220-043921.Search in Google Scholar
Sundaresan, Sandhya. 2023ms. A new theory of indexical shift. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/fj5n7npcyp8kyvvti92pk/sundaresan_indexicalshift.pdf?rlkey=ctz4a32nu4bwa030yt0jbhv7f&e=1&dl=0.Search in Google Scholar
Sundell, Timothy. 2011. Disagreements about taste. Philosophical Studies 155. 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-010-9572-6.Search in Google Scholar
Tsoulas, George & Murat Kural. 1999. Indexical pronouns as bound variables. In Sonya Bird, Andrew Carnie, Jason D. Haugen & Peter Norquist (eds.), Proceedings of the 18th West Coast conference on formal linguistics, 545–557. Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Search in Google Scholar
Wiesemann, Ursula. (ed.). 1986. Pronominal systems. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- This special issue is dedicated to the memory of Istvan Kecskes
- What did we learn from Istvan Kecskes? Introductory notes
- Research Articles
- Indexical shift
- Event guises and subsituations: A truth-conditional reply to Pietroski
- Rooth-Partee conditionals and the symmetry of disjunction
- “The faith of a grain of mustard seed”: A semantic and intercultural perspective
- Silent imperatives: A multimodal approach to warning expressions
- Negotiating interactional routines in the openings of intercultural first encounters
- An exploration of quasi-proper names based on Japanese data: Insights from cross-linguistic and language-specific perspectives
- Illocutionary conditionals and discourse strategies in aphasia: A corpus-based analysis
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- This special issue is dedicated to the memory of Istvan Kecskes
- What did we learn from Istvan Kecskes? Introductory notes
- Research Articles
- Indexical shift
- Event guises and subsituations: A truth-conditional reply to Pietroski
- Rooth-Partee conditionals and the symmetry of disjunction
- “The faith of a grain of mustard seed”: A semantic and intercultural perspective
- Silent imperatives: A multimodal approach to warning expressions
- Negotiating interactional routines in the openings of intercultural first encounters
- An exploration of quasi-proper names based on Japanese data: Insights from cross-linguistic and language-specific perspectives
- Illocutionary conditionals and discourse strategies in aphasia: A corpus-based analysis