Abstract
This article addresses how English language practices were performed, conducted and interpreted by six inhabitants of Alter do Chão village, a popular tourist destination for locals and with increasing numbers of tourists, located in the Amazon region, in the north of Brazil. Developed through an ethnographic perspective and based on the data analysis resulted from interviews and fieldwork, this article advocates, mainly, that people are creative in their linguistic encounters and that languages find their places in social practice. The article also sheds light on the spread of the English language and the encounters among languages and cultures that the technology and the recent mobility of people have facilitated. The results show that English language practices performed by the six participants in Alter do Chão village, often highlighted through hybrid language practices, are constituted by locally situated attitudes, related to their creative performances.
Acknowledgements
The data from this study derives from my PhD dissertation completed at Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil, originally entitled “‘I speak English, but I am still me’ – the roles of the English language in Alter do Chão, Brazil”. I wish to express my gratitude to professor Gloria Gil and to professor Maria Inez Probst Lucena, who were my supervisors, for their generous contributions.
References
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2003. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity.Search in Google Scholar
Belcher, Diane. 2006. English for specific purposes: teaching to perceived needs and imagined futures in worlds of work, study, and everyday life. TESOL Quarterly 2006(40). 133–156.10.2307/40264514Search in Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan & Dong Jie. 2010. Ethnographic fieldwork: a beginner’s guide. Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847692962Search in Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511845307Search in Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2006. Negotiating the local in English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 2006(26). 197–218.10.1017/S0267190506000109Search in Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2008. Foreword, p.ix-xiii. In Angeles Clemente & Michael J. Higgins (eds.), Performing English with a postcolonial accent: ethnographic narratives from Mexico, London: The Tufnell Press.Search in Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2010. The possibility of a community of difference. The Cresset: A Review of Literature, the Arts and Public Affairs Easter 2010(28). 18–30.Search in Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2013. Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. London and New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203120293Search in Google Scholar
Clemente, Angeles & Michael Higgins. 2008. Performing English with a postcolonial accent: ethnographic narratives from Mexico. London: The Tufnell Press.Search in Google Scholar
Cox, Maria, Inês Paglianrini & Ana Antônia de Assis-Peterson. 1999. Critical pedagogy in ELT: Images of Brazilian teachers of English. TESOL Quaterly 33(3). 433–452.10.2307/3587673Search in Google Scholar
Erickson, Frederick. 1990. Qualitative methods. In Frederick Erickson & Robert Linn (eds.), Research in teaching and learning, 1990(2) 75–194, New York: Collier Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar
Garcez, Pedro Moraes, Gabriela Da Silva Bulla & Leticia Ludwig Loder. 2014. Práticas de pesquisa microetnográfica: geração, segmentação e transcrição de dados audiovisuais como procedimentos analíticos plenos. D.E.L.T.A. 30(2). 57–288.10.1590/0102-445078307364908145Search in Google Scholar
Garcia, Ofelia. 2011. Language spread and its study in the twenty-first century. In Robert Kaplan (ed.), Oxford handbook of applied linguistics, 398–411. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Heller, Monica. 2008. Doing ethnography. In Li Wei & Melissa Moyer (eds.), The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.10.1002/9781444301120.ch14Search in Google Scholar
Holliday, Adrian. 2011. Intercultural communication and ideology. London: Sage.10.4135/9781446269107Search in Google Scholar
Jacquemet, Marco. 2016. Language in the age of globalization. In Nancy Bonvillain (ed.), The routledge handbook of linguistic anthropology, 329–347. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 1990. The alchemy of English: the spread, functions and models of non- native Englishes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kent, T. 1993. Paralogic Rhetoric: A Theory of Communicative Interaction. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses.Search in Google Scholar
Lassiter, Luke Eric. 2005. The Chicago guide to collaborative ethnography. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226467016.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Lucena, Maria & Inez Probst. 2015. Práticas de linguagem na realidade da sala de aula: contribuições da pesquisa de cunho etnográfico em Linguística Aplicada. [Special issue]. D.E.L.T.A 2015(31). 67–95.10.1590/0102-445056402228334085Search in Google Scholar
Lucena, Maria, Inez Probst & Andre Nascimento. 2016. Práticas (trans) comunicativas contemporâneas: uma discussão sobre dois conceitos fundamentais. Revista Da Anpoll 2016(40). 46–57.10.18309/anp.v1i40.1014Search in Google Scholar
Matsumoto, Yumi. 2011. Successful ELF communications and implications for ELT: Sequential analysis of ELF pronunciation negotiation strategies. Modern Language Journal 2011(95). 97–114.10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01172.xSearch in Google Scholar
Murthy, Dhiraj. 2008. Digital ethnography: An examination of the use of new technologies for social research. Los Angeles, SAGE Publications.10.1177/0038038508094565Search in Google Scholar
Norton, Bonny. 2010. Language and identity. In Nancy Hornberger & McKay Sandra (eds.), Sociolinguistics and language education, 349–369. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847692849-015Search in Google Scholar
Pavlenko, Aneta & Adrian Blackledge (eds.). 2004. Negotiation of identities in multilingual contexts. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853596483Search in Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 1994. The cultural politics of English as an international language. London: Longman.Search in Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2010. Language as a local practice. London, UK: Routledge.10.4324/9780203846223Search in Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic imperialism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, Kanavillil. 2004. The concept of World English and its implication for ELT. ELT Journal Oxford University Press 58(2). 111–117.10.1093/elt/58.2.111Search in Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, Kanavillil. 2009. Exposing young children to English as a foreign language: the emerging role of world English. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 48(2). 185–196.10.1590/S0103-18132009000200002Search in Google Scholar
Rubdy, Rani & Mario Saraceni (eds.). 2006. English in the world: Global rules, global roles. London/New York: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar
Saraceni, Mario. 2009. Relocating English: towards a new paradigm for English in the world. Language and Intercultural Communication 9(3). 175–186.10.1080/14708470902748830Search in Google Scholar
Saraceni, Mario. 2015. World Englishes: A critical analysis. London: Bloomsbury Academics.10.5040/9781474249232Search in Google Scholar
Scholhammer, Karl Erick. 2002. A procura de um novo realismo: Teses sobre realidade em texto e imagem hoje. In Heidrun. Krieger Olinto (ed.), Literatura e mídia, 7–16. Rio de Janeiro: PUC/Rio.Search in Google Scholar
Seidlhofer, Barbara, Angelika Breiteneder & Marie-Luise Pitzl. 2006. English as a lingua franca in Europe: challenges for applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 2006(26). 3–34.10.1017/S026719050600002XSearch in Google Scholar
Siqueira, Domingos & Sávio Pimentel. 2008. Inglês como língua internacional: por uma pedagogia intercultural crítica. Federal University of Bahia dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Siqueira, Sávio. 2011. Inglês como Língua Franca: O Desafio de Ensinar um Idioma Desterritorializado. In Telma Gimenez, Luciana Cabrini Simões Calvo & Michele Salles EL Kadri (eds.), Inglês como Língua Franca: ensino- Aprendizagem e Formação de Professores, Campinas: Pontes Editores. 87–116.Search in Google Scholar
Spradley, James. 1980. Participant Observation. Orlando- Florida: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Storto, André Coutinho & Fabiana Poças Biondo. 2016. The mobility between languages and the fluxes of globalization: reviewing paradigms, transcending paradoxes. Revista Da Anpoll 2016(40). 77–89.10.18309/anp.v1i40.1018Search in Google Scholar
Turunen, Kirsi. 2012. A study on code-switching in the ELFA corpus. Department of Modern Languages. English Philology. University of Helsinki Pro Gradu thesis.Search in Google Scholar
Watson-Gegeo, Karen. 1988. Ethnography in ESL: Defining the essentials. TESOL Quarterly 22(4). 575–592.10.2307/3587257Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Race, space and commerce in multi-ethnic Costa Rica: a linguistic landscape inquiry
- “I speak English but i am still me” – English language practices in Alter do Chão, Brazil
- Framing the diaspora and the homeland: language ideologies in the Cuban diaspora
- Who speaks what language to whom and when – rethinking language use in the context of European Schools
- “It sounds like the language spoken by those living by the seaside” – language attitudes towards the local Italo-romance variety of Ghanaian immigrants in Bergamo
- “An unrealistic expectation”: Māori youth on indigenous language purism
- Towards an understanding of African endogenous multilingualism: ethnography, language ideologies, and the supernatural
- Language threat in the United Arab Emirates? Unpacking domains of language use
- Transcending networks’ boundaries: losses and displacements at the contact zone between English and Hebrew
- Book Review
- Maria Sabaté i Dalmau: Migrant communication enterprises. Regimentation and resistance
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Race, space and commerce in multi-ethnic Costa Rica: a linguistic landscape inquiry
- “I speak English but i am still me” – English language practices in Alter do Chão, Brazil
- Framing the diaspora and the homeland: language ideologies in the Cuban diaspora
- Who speaks what language to whom and when – rethinking language use in the context of European Schools
- “It sounds like the language spoken by those living by the seaside” – language attitudes towards the local Italo-romance variety of Ghanaian immigrants in Bergamo
- “An unrealistic expectation”: Māori youth on indigenous language purism
- Towards an understanding of African endogenous multilingualism: ethnography, language ideologies, and the supernatural
- Language threat in the United Arab Emirates? Unpacking domains of language use
- Transcending networks’ boundaries: losses and displacements at the contact zone between English and Hebrew
- Book Review
- Maria Sabaté i Dalmau: Migrant communication enterprises. Regimentation and resistance