Abstract
Whereas the use of discursive linguistic resources among multilingual speakers has been closely scrutinized in recent years, highly complex multilingual spaces have not been adequately documented in research. This article reports on new sociolinguistic developments in post-Apartheid South Africa and explores how people mobility and integration of a historically divided society produces hybrid ways of identifying and making sense of the world. Analysis of self-recorded student interactions from five townships in Johannesburg shows that traditional language boundaries have blurred and given way to a complex and multilayered variety, referred to as kasi-taal. The results also show that there is a high degree of mutual inter-comprehensibility that cuts across Sotho and Nguni language clusters. Using notions of sociolinguistics of mobility and translanguaging, I draw insights on these language developments to predict future directions of language use in a manner consistent with the “discontinuous continuity” processes that characterize the twenty-first century. Recommendations for further research are considered for super-diverse contexts at the end of the article.
References
Alexander, Neville.1989. Language policy and national unity in South Africa/Azania. Cape Town: Buchu Books.Search in Google Scholar
Baker, Colin.2011. Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism, 4th edn. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Search in Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan.2010. The sociolinguistics of globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511845307Search in Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan.2013. Ethnography, superdiversity and linguistic landscapes: Chronicles of complexity. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781783090419Search in Google Scholar
Boomkens, Rene.2013. Mediacity: On the discontinuous continuity of the urban public sphere. In JudithThissen, RoertZwijnenberg & KittyZilnjmans (eds.), Contemporary culture: New directions in art and humanities research, 19–38. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.10.1515/9789048517954-002Search in Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre.1997. Outline of a theory of the practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Creese, Angela & AdrianBlackledge.2010. Towards a sociolinguistics of superdiversity. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft13. 549–572.10.1007/s11618-010-0159-ySearch in Google Scholar
García, Ofelia. 2009. Bilingual education in the 21st century: A global perspective. Miden, MA: Wiley/Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar
García, Ofelia. 2011. From language garden to sustainable languaging: Bilingual Education in a global world. Perspectives34(1). 5–9.Search in Google Scholar
García, Ofelia & LiWei. 2014. Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137385765_4Search in Google Scholar
Heller, Monica.2007. Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In MonicaHeller (ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach, 1–24. Basingstoke: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230596047_1Search in Google Scholar
Hornberger, Nancy & HollyLink.2012. Translanguaging and transnational literacies in multilingual classrooms: A biliteracy lens. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism15. 261–278.10.1080/13670050.2012.658016Search in Google Scholar
Lindholm-Leary, K. J.2001. Dual language education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853595332Search in Google Scholar
Madiba, Mbuleni.2014. Promoting concept literacy through multilingual glossaries: A translanguaging approach. In Christavan der Walt & LisaHibbert (eds.), Multilingual teaching and learning in higher education in South Africa, 68–87. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781783091669-007Search in Google Scholar
Makalela, Leketi.2005. We speak eleven tongues: Reconstructing multilingualism in South Africa. In BirgitBrock-Utne & RodneyHopson (eds.), Languages of instruction for African Emancipation: Focus on postcolonial contexts and considerations, 147–174. Cape Town & Dar-es-Salaam: CASAS & Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.Search in Google Scholar
Makalela, Leketi.2013. Translanguaging in Kasi-taal: Rethinking old language boundaries for new language planning. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus42. 111–125.10.5842/42-0-164Search in Google Scholar
Makalela, Leketi.2014. Teaching indigenous African languages to speakers of other African languages: The effects of translanguaging for multilingual development. In Christavan der Walt & LisaHibbert (eds.), Multilingual teaching and learning in higher education in South Africa, 88–104. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781783091669-008Search in Google Scholar
Makoni, Sinfree.2003. From misinvention to disinvention of language: Multilingualism and the South African Constitution. In S.Makoni, G.Smithermann, A.Ball & A.Spears (eds.), Black linguistics: language, society and politics in Africa and the Americas, 132–149. London & New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Makoni, Sinfree & PedzisaiMashiri.2007. Critical historiography: Does language planning in Africa need a construct of language as part of its theoretical apparatus? In SinfreeMakoni & AlastairPennycook (eds.), Disinventing and reconstituting languages, 62–89. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599255-005Search in Google Scholar
Makoni, Sinfree & AlistairPennycook (eds.). 2007. Disinventing and reconstituting languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599255Search in Google Scholar
Mignolo, W.2000. Local histories/global designs. Coloniality, subaltern knowledges, and border thinking. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Nhlapo, Jacob.1944. Bantu babel: Will the Bantu languages live?Cape Town: The African Bookman.Search in Google Scholar
Prah, Kwaa.1998. Between extinction and distinction. Harmonization and standardization of African languages. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Republic of South Africa. 2006. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printers.Search in Google Scholar
Shohamy, Elana.2006. Language policy: Hidden agendas and new approaches. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203387962Search in Google Scholar
Wei, Li.2011. Moment analysis and translanguaging space: Discursive construction of identities by multilingual Chinese youth in Britain. Journal of Pragmatics43. 1222–1235.10.1016/j.pragma.2010.07.035Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter Mouton
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- Identity negotiation in a super-diverse community: The fuzzy languaging logic of high school students in Soweto
- Odonymic changes in Central Pretoria: Representation, identity and textual construction of place
- Failure to launch: matching language policy with literacy accomplishment in South African schools
- “Amaphi ama-subjects eniwa-enjoy-ayo esikolweni?”: Code-switching and language practices among bilingual learners in the Eastern Cape
- Investigating literacy narratives among ethno-linguistically diverse South African students
- Translanguaging practices in complex multilingual spaces: A discontinuous continuity in post-independent South Africa
- The social dimension of reading literacy development in South Africa: Bridging inequalities among the various language groups
- Book Review
- Pol Cuvelier, Theodorus Du Plessis, Michael Meeuwis, Reinhild Vandekerckhove and Vic Webb: Multilingualism for empowerment
- Small Languages and Small Language Communities 79
- An ethnography of the standardization reform: A case of policy-making in the context of the Upper Perené Arawak community of Peru
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- Identity negotiation in a super-diverse community: The fuzzy languaging logic of high school students in Soweto
- Odonymic changes in Central Pretoria: Representation, identity and textual construction of place
- Failure to launch: matching language policy with literacy accomplishment in South African schools
- “Amaphi ama-subjects eniwa-enjoy-ayo esikolweni?”: Code-switching and language practices among bilingual learners in the Eastern Cape
- Investigating literacy narratives among ethno-linguistically diverse South African students
- Translanguaging practices in complex multilingual spaces: A discontinuous continuity in post-independent South Africa
- The social dimension of reading literacy development in South Africa: Bridging inequalities among the various language groups
- Book Review
- Pol Cuvelier, Theodorus Du Plessis, Michael Meeuwis, Reinhild Vandekerckhove and Vic Webb: Multilingualism for empowerment
- Small Languages and Small Language Communities 79
- An ethnography of the standardization reform: A case of policy-making in the context of the Upper Perené Arawak community of Peru