Effect of laser ablation on mechanical performance of graphene-filled glass fibre reinforced polymer repaired composites
-
Santosh Kumar Muniyappa
,
Mamtha Venkatram
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the effect of laser ablation on the mechanical performance of graphene-filled glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) repaired lap joints. The performance characteristics of repaired laminates were measured in terms of surface roughness, tensile strength and flexural strength according to ASTM standards. While the surface morphology was examined using a confocal microscope, scanning electron microscopy was adopted to analyse the laser ablated fibre–matrix interface. The average surface roughness significantly increased with an increase in laser power from 4 to 10 W which was attributed to the presence of graphene and burnt fibres. The laser ablation conditions corresponding to 10 W laser power, 300 mm s−1 scanning speed, 20 kHz of pulse frequency, 0.05 mm line spacing and 5 laser passes lead to the highest tensile strength (36.033 MPa) and bending strength (30.972 MPa) of GFRP laminates. The laser ablated microstructure was characterised by fibre pull-out, epoxy residue, burnt, clean fibres as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: First author Santhosh Kumar performed laser ablation experiments on GFRP composites and collected data Dr Bharatish A fromulated the problem, analysed the data and supervised the research Dr Mamta V drafted the manuscript and plotted necessary graphs and assisted in the overall research Dr Gangadhar Angadi assisted inn preparing the composites and analysing the responses Dr Sivakumar Solaiachari assisted in conducting the experiments and revising the paper.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.
References
1. Alyousef, J.; Yudhanto, A.; Tao, R.; Lubineau, G. Laser Ablation of CFRP Surfaces for Improving the Strength of Bonded Scarf Composite Joints. Compos. Struct. 2022, 296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2022.115881.Suche in Google Scholar
2. Yao, X.; Kinloch, I. A.; Bissett, M. A. Fabrication and Mechanical Performance of Graphene Nanoplatelet/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites. Front Mater. 2021, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMATS.2021.773343.Suche in Google Scholar
3. Wu, C. W.; Wu, X. Q.; Huang, C. G. Ablation Behaviors of Carbon Reinforced Polymer Composites by Laser of Different Operation Modes. Opt. Laser. Technol. 2015, 73, 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OPTLASTEC.2015.04.008.Suche in Google Scholar
4. Sharma, S. P.; Vilar, R. Femtosecond Laser Micromachining of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites. J. Manuf. Process 2022, 84, 1568–1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMAPRO.2022.10.009.Suche in Google Scholar
5. Kumar Mishra, Y.; Mishra, S.; Chand Jayswal, S.; Suryavanshi, A. Inclined Laser Drilling in Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Using Nd: YAG Laser. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 2022, 44 (3), 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-022-03367-4.Suche in Google Scholar
6. Choudhary, M.; Sharma, A.; Dwivedi, M.; Patnaik, A. A Comparative Study of the Physical, Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of GFRP Composite Based on Fabrication Techniques. Fibers and Polym. 2019, 20 (4), 823–831. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12221-019-8863-6/METRICS.Suche in Google Scholar
7. Perton, M.; Costil, S.; Wong, W.; Poirier, D.; Irissou, E.; Legoux, J. G.; Blouin, A.; Yue, S. Effect of Pulsed Laser Ablation and Continuous Laser Heating on the Adhesion and Cohesion of Cold Sprayed Ti-6Al-4V Coatings. J. Therm. Spray Technol. 2012, 21 (6), 1322–1333. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11666-012-9812-8.Suche in Google Scholar
8. Groo, L. A.; Nasser, J.; Zhang, L.; Steinke, K.; Inman, D.; Sodano, H. Laser Induced Graphene in Fiberglass-Reinforced Composites for Strain and Damage Sensing. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2020, 199. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSCITECH.2020.108367.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Nasser, J.; Zhang, L.; Sodano, H. Laser Induced Graphene Interlaminar Reinforcement for Tough Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2021, 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSCITECH.2020.108493.Suche in Google Scholar
10. Reitz, V.; Meinhard, D.; Ruck, S.; Riegel, H.; Knoblauch, V. A Comparison of IR- and UV-Laser Pretreatment to Increase the Bonding Strength of Adhesively Joined Aluminum/CFRP Components. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2017, 96, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2017.02.014.Suche in Google Scholar
11. Barcellos, D. C.; Miyazaki Santos, V. M.; Niu, L. N.; Pashley, D. H.; Tay, F. R.; Pucci, C. R. Repair of Composites: Effect of Laser and Different Surface Treatments. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2015, 59, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJADHADH.2015.01.008.Suche in Google Scholar
12. Loutas, T. H.; Sotiriadis, G.; Tsonos, E.; Psarras, S.; Kostopoulos, V. Investigation of a Pulsed Laser Ablation Process for Bonded Repair Purposes of CFRP Composites via Peel Testing and a Design-Of-Experiments Approach. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 2019, 95. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJADHADH.2019.102407.Suche in Google Scholar
13. Manoli, A.; Ghadge, R.; Kumar, P. Effect of Surface Roughness on the Fatigue Strength of E-Glass Composite Single Lap Joint Bonded with Modified Graphene Oxide-Epoxy Adhesive. Matet. Phys. Mechan. 2023, 51 (2), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.18149/MPM.5122023_7.Suche in Google Scholar
14. Yang, H.; Liu, H.; Gao, R.; Liu, X.; Yu, X.; Song, F.; Liu, L. Numerical Simulation of Paint Stripping on CFRP by Pulsed Laser. Opt. Laser. Technol. 2022, 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OPTLASTEC.2021.107450.Suche in Google Scholar
15. Ruiz, L.; Xia, W.; Meng, Z.; Keten, S. A Coarse-Grained Model for the Mechanical Behavior of Multi-Layer Graphene. Carbon N Y 2015, 82 (C), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBON.2014.10.040.Suche in Google Scholar
16. Papageorgiou, D. G.; Kinloch, I. A.; Young, R. J. Mechanical Properties of Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2017, 90, 75–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PMATSCI.2017.07.004.Suche in Google Scholar
17. Pahuja, R.; Mamidala, R. Quality Monitoring in Milling of Unidirectional CFRP through Wavelet Packet Transform of Force Signals. Procedia. Manuf. 2020, 48, 388–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROMFG.2020.05.061.Suche in Google Scholar
18. Sathiyamurthy, R.; Duraiselvam, M. Selective Laser Ablation of CFRP Composite to Enhance Adhesion Bonding. Mater. Manuf. Processes 2019, 34 (11), 1296–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1644453.Suche in Google Scholar
19. Negarestani, R.; Li, L.; Sezer, H. K.; Whitehead, D.; Methven, J. Nano-Second Pulsed DPSS Nd:YAG Laser Cutting of CFRP Composites with Mixed Reactive and Inert Gases. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2010, 49 (5–8), 553–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00170-009-2431-Y/METRICS.Suche in Google Scholar
20. Davim, J. P.; Reis, P. Study of Delamination in Drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) Using Design Experiments. Compos. Struct. 2003, 59 (4), 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00257-X.Suche in Google Scholar
21. de Freese, J.; Holtmannspötter, J.; Raschendorfer, S.; Hofmann, T. End Milling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics as Surface Pretreatment for Adhesive Bonding – Effect of Intralaminar Damages and Particle Residues. J. Adhes. 2020, 96 (12), 1122–1140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2018.1557054.Suche in Google Scholar
22. Li, S.; Sun, T.; Liu, C.; Yang, W.; Tang, Q. A. Study of Laser Surface Treatment in Bonded Repair of Composite Aircraft Structures. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2018, 5 (3). https://doi.org/10.1098/RSOS.171272.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Chen, H.; Mi, G.; Li, P.; Huang, X.; Cao, C. Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Graphene-Oxide-Reinforced High-Temperature Titanium-Alloy-Matrix Composites. Materials 2020, 13 (15), 3358. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA13153358.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
24. Ye, Y.; Du, T.; Li, H.; Ren, X.; Kong, H.; Ren, N. Factors Influencing the Tensile Strength of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminates for Laser Machining Method and the Underlined Mechanisms. J. Laser Appl. 2020, 32 (4). https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000178/222482.Suche in Google Scholar
25. Wiemer, N.; Wetzel, A.; Schleiting, M.; Krooß, P.; Vollmer, M.; Niendorf, T.; Böhm, S.; Middendorf, B. Effect of Fibre Material and Fibre Roughness on the Pullout Behaviour of Metallic Micro Fibres Embedded in UHPC. Materials 2020, 13 (14), 3128. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA13143128.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Morphology controlled fabrication of porous magnesium oxide nanostructures for the efficient elimination of methyl orange
- Fe78Si9B13/MnO2 composite: a magnetic and efficient Fenton-like catalyst in degradation of methyl orange under activation of H2O2
- Effect of different activating agents on carbon derived from Tinospora cordifolia for EDLC application
- Bioactive surface modification of Ti–Nb alloy by alkaline treatment in potassium hydroxide solution
- Characterizing sliding wear behavior of A1100/AlFe (p) composites produced via repeated fold-forging and annealing
- Effect of laser ablation on mechanical performance of graphene-filled glass fibre reinforced polymer repaired composites
- Mechanical and tribological assessment of PEEK and PEEK based polymer composites for artificial hip joints
- News
- DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Morphology controlled fabrication of porous magnesium oxide nanostructures for the efficient elimination of methyl orange
- Fe78Si9B13/MnO2 composite: a magnetic and efficient Fenton-like catalyst in degradation of methyl orange under activation of H2O2
- Effect of different activating agents on carbon derived from Tinospora cordifolia for EDLC application
- Bioactive surface modification of Ti–Nb alloy by alkaline treatment in potassium hydroxide solution
- Characterizing sliding wear behavior of A1100/AlFe (p) composites produced via repeated fold-forging and annealing
- Effect of laser ablation on mechanical performance of graphene-filled glass fibre reinforced polymer repaired composites
- Mechanical and tribological assessment of PEEK and PEEK based polymer composites for artificial hip joints
- News
- DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
