Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and wettability of polylactic acid by fused filament fabrication process
-
Vinoth Babu Nagam
and
Venkateshwaran Narayanan
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced composites have changed additive manufacturing into a sustainable manufacturing paradigm with the capacity to produce items with outstanding mechanical performance. The fused filament fabrication (FFF) process is the latest in advanced digital fabrication techniques used for fabricating polymer material using additive layer deposition. In this study, the results of mechanical and vibration tests were used to examine the impact of process variables such as layer thickness (0.08 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.64 mm), infill density (20 %, 40 %, 60 %, and 80 %), and infill pattern (rectilinear, triangular, and hexagonal). The novelty of this work is to correlate the contact angle measurement with the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed specimens. The adhesion behaviour of the 3D printed parts is examined by measuring the contact angle from the wettability test. From the findings, it was observed that the infill density and layer pattern play a significant role in the interlayer adhesion, as evident from the contact angle measurement.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: Vinoth Babu Nagam – ideation, experimental investigation, data analysis; Venkateshwaran Narayanan – analysis of the results and conclusions.
-
Competing interests: Authors have no conflict of interests.
-
Research funding: No funding obtained.
-
Data availability: Data available on request.
References
1. Dilberoglu, U. M., Gharehpapagh, B., Yaman, U., Dolen, M. The role of additive manufacturing in the era of industry 4.0. Proc. Manuf. 2017, 11, 545–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.148.Search in Google Scholar
2. Monzon, M. D., Ortega, Z., Martínez, A., Ortega, F. Standardization in additive manufacturing: activities carried out by International Organizations and Projects. Int. J. Adv. Des. Manuf. Technol. 2014, 76, 1111–1121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6334-1.Search in Google Scholar
3. Baldassarre, A., Ricciardi, F. The additive manufacturing in the Industry 4.0 Era: the case of an Italian FabLab. J. Emerg. Trends Market. Manag. 2017, 1, 105–115.Search in Google Scholar
4. Mehrpouya, M., Dehghanghadikolaei, A., Fotovvati, B., Vosooghnia, A., Emamian, S. S., Gisario, A. The potential of additive manufacturing in the smart factory Industrial 4.0: a review. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9183865.Search in Google Scholar
5. The role of 3D printers in the Industry 4.0 digital transformation. https://www.designtechproducts.com/articles/3d-printers-industry-4.Search in Google Scholar
6. Magdum, Y., Pandey, D., Bankar, A., Harshe, S., Parab, V., Kadam, M. S. Process parameter optimization for FDM 3D printer. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 2019, 06, 1472–1477.Search in Google Scholar
7. Boddula, V., Manzoor Hussain, M., Sharath Reddy, C. Optimization of 3D printing process parameters of poly lactic acid materials by fused deposition modeling process. Int. J. Eng. Dev. Res. 2019, 07, 189–196.Search in Google Scholar
8. Tekinalp, H. L., Kunc, V., Velez-Garcia, G. M., Duty, C. E., Love, L. J., Naskar, A. K., Blue, C. A., Ozcan, S., Ozcan, S. Highly oriented carbon fiber–polymer composites via additive manufacturing. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2014, 105, 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.10.009.Search in Google Scholar
9. Ning, F., Cong, W., Qiu, J., Wei, J., Wang, S. Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modelling. Compos. Part B 2015, 80, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.013.Search in Google Scholar
10. Matsuzaki, R., Ueda, M., Namiki, M., Jeong, T. K., Asahara, H., Horiguchi, K., Nakamura, T., Todoroki, A., Hirano, Y. Three-dimensional printing of continuous-fiber composites by in-nozzle impregnation. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 23058. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23058.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
11. Fernandes, J., Deus, A. M., Reis, L., Vaz, M. F., Leite, M. Study of the influence of 3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of PLA. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Progress in Additive Manufacturing (Pro-AM 2018); pp. 547–552.Search in Google Scholar
12. Mohammed, O. A., Masood, S. H., Bhowmik, J. L. Analysis of wear behavior of additively manufactured PC-ABS parts. Mater. Lett. 2018, 230, 261–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.07.139.Search in Google Scholar
13. Mahajan, C. G., Cormier, D. 3D printing of carbon fiber composites with preferentially aligned fibers. In Proceedings of the 2015 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference 2015, Corpus ID: 29741691.Search in Google Scholar
14. Modi, U., Prakash, S. Wettability of 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) parts. AIP Conf. Proc. 2019, 2148, 030052. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5123974.Search in Google Scholar
15. Thenard, T., Catapano, A., Allena, R., Mesnard, M., Saintier, N., Mohamed, El M. Topography and wettability characterization of surfaces manufactured by SLM and treated by chemical etching. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. 2020, 29, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2020.1836292.Search in Google Scholar
16. Ailinei, I.-I., Galaţanu, S.-V., Marşavina, L. Influence of Deposition direction on Vibration characteristics of 3D printed ABS test specimens. East Europe Conference on AM Materials (EECAM21) 2021, 22, 25–28.Search in Google Scholar
17. Guo, Z., Hu, G., Jiang, J., Yu, L., Li, X., Liang, J. Theoretical and experimental study of the vibration dynamics of a 3D-printed sandwich beam with an hourglass lattice truss core. Front. Mech. Eng. 2021, 7, 651998. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2021.651998.Search in Google Scholar
18. Li, Z., Zhang, D., Shao, L. Shanling Han. Experimental investigation using vibration testing method to optimize feed parameters of color mixing nozzle for fused deposition modeling color 3D printer. Adv. Mech. Eng. 2019, 11, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814019896196.Search in Google Scholar
19. Gokhare, V. G., Raut, D. N., Shinde, D. K. A review paper on 3D-printing aspects and various processes used in the 3D-printing. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. 2017, 06, 953–958. https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV6IS060409.Search in Google Scholar
20. ASTM D638-14. Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
21. ASTM D790-15e2. Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials, Engineering Materials and Technology, 2019.Search in Google Scholar
22. ASTM standard D2344/D2344 M-00. Standard Test Method for Short Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates; ASTM, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
23. Huang, J., Huang, Z., Du, H., Zhang, J. Effect of aging temperature on microstructure and tensile properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting. Trans. Indian Inst. Metals 2022, 75, 1403–1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-021-02487-0.Search in Google Scholar
24. Mazzanti, V., Malagutti, L., Mollica, F. FDM 3D printing of polymers containing natural fillers: a review of their mechanical properties. Polymers, 2019; 11:1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071094.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Nanocrystalline PbS thin film produced by alkaline chemical bath deposition: effect of inhibitor levels and temperature on the physicochemical properties
- Effect of laser power on microstructure and tribological behavior of laser clad NiCr coating
- Mechanical characterization and evaluation of pitting corrosion resistance of a superferritic stainless steel model alloy 25Cr–6Mo–5Ni
- Factors dictating the extent of low elongation in high sulfur-containing bainitic steels
- Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and wettability of polylactic acid by fused filament fabrication process
- Critical systematic investigation of the Cd–Ce system: phase stability and Gibbs energies of formation and equilibria via thermodynamic description
- Experimental study of the phase relations of the Fe–Pt–Ho ternary system at 500 °C
- Ultraviolet-B radiation from Gd (III) doped hardystonite
- Photoluminescence features of trivalent holmium doped Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2 phosphors
- Thermal stability of Al3BC3 powders under a nitrogen atmosphere
- News
- DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Nanocrystalline PbS thin film produced by alkaline chemical bath deposition: effect of inhibitor levels and temperature on the physicochemical properties
- Effect of laser power on microstructure and tribological behavior of laser clad NiCr coating
- Mechanical characterization and evaluation of pitting corrosion resistance of a superferritic stainless steel model alloy 25Cr–6Mo–5Ni
- Factors dictating the extent of low elongation in high sulfur-containing bainitic steels
- Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and wettability of polylactic acid by fused filament fabrication process
- Critical systematic investigation of the Cd–Ce system: phase stability and Gibbs energies of formation and equilibria via thermodynamic description
- Experimental study of the phase relations of the Fe–Pt–Ho ternary system at 500 °C
- Ultraviolet-B radiation from Gd (III) doped hardystonite
- Photoluminescence features of trivalent holmium doped Ca2La8(SiO4)6O2 phosphors
- Thermal stability of Al3BC3 powders under a nitrogen atmosphere
- News
- DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
