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Phosphate, TDS and BOD removal from industrial wastewater using combined sono-pulsed-electrochemical oxidation: optimization by response surface methodology

  • Hawi Etana Debela , Ghadah M. Al-Senani , Firomsa Bidira , Salhah D. Al-Qahtani , Sivakumar Vigneshwaran und Perumal Asaithambi EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 11. August 2025
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International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
Aus der Zeitschrift International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering Band 23 Heft 9

Abstract

Industrial sectors use high volumes of water and produce huge quantities of wastewater that are full of many types of pollutants, such as phosphates, total dissolved solids (TDS), and those that involve biological oxygen demand (BOD). In this study, the integrated sonolysis and pulsed electrochemical oxidation (S-PEO) process for treating industrial wastewater was examined, with a focus on maximizing pollutant removal and reducing energy usage. Optimal conditions for maximal treatment efficiency were determined by methodically varying key operational parameters, including initial pH, electrolysis time, and current. The results showed that, when the S-PEO process was run at optimal circumstances (pH of 7, electrolysis period of 40 min, and current of 0.5 Amp), it was produced remarkable removal efficiencies. With a low power consumption of 0.19 kWh/m3, the removal efficiencies for phosphates, TDS, and BOD were about 98.70 %, 97.44 %, and 95.49 %, respectively. To assess and optimize the process parameters, a methodical approach utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) was utilized. At a 95 % confidence level, statistical validation using analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the independent variables and their interactions had a meaningful impact. Additionally, the study used a quadratic regression model to estimate power consumption and pollutant removal efficiencies with accuracy. The model’s dependability is confirmed by the high value 0.91 of the correlation coefficient. These results emphasize the S-PEO process’s potential as an efficient and environmentally friendly method of treating industrial wastewater.

Keywords: industrial wastewater; optimization process; pulsed electrochemical oxidation; removal efficiency; response surface methodology
Corresponding author: Perumal Asaithambi, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 107839 Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University , Po Box – 378, Jimma, Ethiopia, E-mail:

Funding source: Ghadah M. Al-Senani

Award Identifier / Grant number: PNURSP2025R67

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number: (PNURSP2025R67), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Hawi Etana Debela: Investigation; Data curation; Resources; Writing – original draft Ghadah M. Al-Senani: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Supervision. Firomsa Bidira: Investigation; Data curation; Resources; Writing – original draft. Salhah D. Al-Qahtani: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Supervision. Sivakumar Vigneshwaran: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Supervision. Perumal Asaithambi: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Supervision.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: Author states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This work is funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number: (PNURSP2025R67), Prin cess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  7. Data availability: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2025-02-10
Accepted: 2025-07-17
Published Online: 2025-08-11

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Quantum dots for wastewater treatment for the removal of heavy metals
  4. Articles
  5. A hybrid model of prairie dog optimization and closed-form continuous-time neural networks for next generation lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries
  6. Mass transfer intensification and kinetics of o-xylene nitration in the microreactor
  7. Transesterification process and biofuel blending actions on performance of compression ignition engine under different loading conditions
  8. Phosphate, TDS and BOD removal from industrial wastewater using combined sono-pulsed-electrochemical oxidation: optimization by response surface methodology
  9. Evaluation of degradation in lubricating oil and engine wear using Jatropha oil blended with diesel in stationary compression ignition (CI) engines
  10. Thermophysical characterization and chemical stability of Ag2O-enhanced eutectic nano-PCMs for moderate-temperature applications
  11. Experimental evaluation of a solar-assisted heat pump system as a hybrid thermal reactor for energy-efficient drying of agricultural biomass
  12. Short Communication
  13. Design of terminator-shaped chamber-based micromixers with different obstructions: a CFD approach
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2025-0031
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
industrial wastewater; optimization process; pulsed electrochemical oxidation; removal efficiency; response surface methodology

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Quantum dots for wastewater treatment for the removal of heavy metals
  4. Articles
  5. A hybrid model of prairie dog optimization and closed-form continuous-time neural networks for next generation lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries
  6. Mass transfer intensification and kinetics of o-xylene nitration in the microreactor
  7. Transesterification process and biofuel blending actions on performance of compression ignition engine under different loading conditions
  8. Phosphate, TDS and BOD removal from industrial wastewater using combined sono-pulsed-electrochemical oxidation: optimization by response surface methodology
  9. Evaluation of degradation in lubricating oil and engine wear using Jatropha oil blended with diesel in stationary compression ignition (CI) engines
  10. Thermophysical characterization and chemical stability of Ag2O-enhanced eutectic nano-PCMs for moderate-temperature applications
  11. Experimental evaluation of a solar-assisted heat pump system as a hybrid thermal reactor for energy-efficient drying of agricultural biomass
  12. Short Communication
  13. Design of terminator-shaped chamber-based micromixers with different obstructions: a CFD approach
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