Abstract
In this paper, a continuous flat plate photoreactor with ZnO coating was studied in the photodegradation of methylene blue. The structural properties of catalyst were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD results indicate that high crystalline ZnO particles with average size of 13.5 nm were coated on the glass plate. The thickness of ZnO layer was 39.67 μm and the coating was uniform and crack free. The EDX showed clear border between glass and ZnO layer which confirmed no material transfer between glass and ZnO layer during thermal treatment. The influence of reactor parameters such as the slope of the glass plate, number of UV lamps, distance between lamp and ZnO coated glass plate and flow rate of wastewater was investigated using optimal custom design which is a subset of response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that the maximum photodegradation of methylene blue was achieved under the following conditions: plate slope of 9, 3 UVA lamps, 12 ml/s wastewater flow rate and 10 cm distance between lamp and glass plate. The response of surface methodology at optimum conditions was 65.05% while experimental value was 64.66%, showing good agreement between the experimental values and those predicted by the models, with relatively small errors which were only 0.64. The kinetic study was also performed for methylene blue photodegradation at optimum conditions.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council as well as Sahand University of Technology for complementary financial supports.
References
Aleboyeh, A., N. Daneshvar, and M. Kasiri. 2008. “Optimization of CI Acid Red 14 Azo Dye Removal by Electrocoagulation Batch Process with Response Surface Methodology.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 47 (5): 827–832.10.1016/j.cep.2007.01.033Search in Google Scholar
Alfano, O. M., D. Bahnemann, A. E. Cassano, R. Dillert, and R. Goslich. 2000. “Photocatalysis in Water Environments Using Artificial and Solar Light.” Catalysis Today 58 (2–3): 199–230.10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00252-2Search in Google Scholar
Amani-Ghadim, A., S. Aber, A. Olad, and H. Ashassi-Sorkhabi. 2013. “Optimization of Electrocoagulation Process for Removal of an Azo Dye Using Response Surface Methodology and Investigation on the Occurrence of Destructive Side Reactions.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 64: 68–78.10.1016/j.cep.2012.10.012Search in Google Scholar
Atchudan, R., T. N. J. I. Edison, S. Perumal, D. Karthikeyan, and Y. R. Lee. 2016. “Facile Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Decorated Graphene Oxide Composite via Simple Solvothermal Route and Their Photocatalytic Activity on Methylene Blue Degradation.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 162: 500–510.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.019Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Behnajady, M. A., N. Modirshahla, N. Daneshvar, and M. Rabbani. 2007. “Photocatalytic Degradation of an Azo Dye in a Tubular Continuous-Flow Photoreactor with Immobilized TiO2 on Glass Plates.” Chemical Engineering Journal 127 (1–3): 167–176.10.1016/j.cej.2006.09.013Search in Google Scholar
Benhebal, H., M. Chaib, T. Salmon, J. Geens, A. Leonard, S. D. Lambert, M. Crine, and B. Heinrichs. 2013. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol and Benzoic Acid Using Zinc Oxide Powders Prepared by the Sol–Gel Process.” Alexandria Engineering Journal 52 (3): 517–523.10.1016/j.aej.2013.04.005Search in Google Scholar
Beydoun, D., R. Amal, G. Low, and S. McEvoy. 1999. “Role of Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis.” Journal of Nanoparticle Research 1 (4): 439–458.10.1023/A:1010044830871Search in Google Scholar
Chen, D., F. Li, and A. K. Ray. 2000. “Effect of Mass Transfer and Catalyst Layer Thickness on Photocatalytic Reaction.” AIChE Journal 46 (5): 1034–1045.10.1002/aic.690460515Search in Google Scholar
Chen, L., Y. Ma, Y. Guo, C. Zhang, Z. Liang, and X. Zhang. 2017. “Quantifying the Effects of Operational Parameters on the Counting Efficiency of a Condensation Particle Counter Using Response Surface Design of Experiments (Doe).” Journal of Aerosol Science 106: 11–23.10.1016/j.jaerosci.2016.12.005Search in Google Scholar
Chen, X., and S. S. Mao. 2007. “Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications.” Chemical Reviews 107 (7): 2891–2959.10.1021/cr0500535Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chong, M. N., B. Jin, C. W. K. Chow, and C. Saint. 2010. “Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology: A Review.” Water Research 44 (10): 2997–3027.10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039Search in Google Scholar
Chu, W., Y. R. Wang, and H. F. Leung. 2011. “Synergy of Sulfate and Hydroxyl Radicals in UV/S2O82−/H2O2 Oxidation of Iodinated X-Ray Contrast Medium Iopromide.” Chemical Engineering Journal 178: 154–160.10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.033Search in Google Scholar
Colombo, R., T. C. R. Ferreira, R. A. Ferreira, and M. R. V. Lanza. 2016. “Removal of Mefenamic Acid from Aqueous Solutions by Oxidative Process: Optimization through Experimental Design and HPLC/UV Analysis.” Journal of Environmental Management 167: 206–213.10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.029Search in Google Scholar
Damodar, R. A., K. Jagannathan, and T. Swaminathan. 2007. “Decolourization of Reactive Dyes by Thin Film Immobilized Surface Photoreactor Using Solar Irradiation.” Solar Energy 81 (1): 1–7.10.1016/j.solener.2006.07.001Search in Google Scholar
Daneshvar, N., A. Aleboyeh, and A. R. Khataee. 2005. “The Evaluation of Electrical Energy per Order (Eeo) for Photooxidative Decolorization of Four Textile Dye Solutions by the Kinetic Model.” Chemosphere 59 (6): 761–767.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.012Search in Google Scholar
Dariani, R., A. Esmaeili, A. Mortezaali, and S. Dehghanpour. 2016. “Photocatalytic Reaction and Degradation of Methylene Blue on TiO 2 Nano-Sized Particles.” Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 127 (18): 7143–7154.10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.04.026Search in Google Scholar
Deng, Y., and R. Zhao. 2015. “Advanced Oxidation Processes (Aops) in Wastewater Treatment.” Current Pollution Reports 1 (3): 167–176.10.1007/s40726-015-0015-zSearch in Google Scholar
Dhandapani, C., R. Narayanasamy, S. N. Karthick, K. V. Hemalatha, S. Selvam, P. Hemalatha, M. S. Kumar, S. D. Kirupha, and H.-J. Kim. 2016. “Drastic Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye by Neodymium Doped Zirconium Oxide as Photocatalyst under Visible Light Irradiation.” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 127 (22): 10288–10296.10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.08.048Search in Google Scholar
Dijkstra, M. F. J., H. J. Panneman, J. G. M. Winkelman, J. J. Kelly, and A. A. C. M. Beenackers. 2002. “Modeling the Photocatalytic Degradation of Formic Acid in a Reactor with Immobilized Catalyst.” Chemical Engineering Science 57 (22–23): 4895–4907.10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00290-7Search in Google Scholar
Dikici, T. 2017 . “Temperature-Dependent Growth of ZnO Structures by Thermal Oxidation of Zn Coatings Electrodeposited on Steel Substrates and Their Photocatalytic Activities.” Ceramics International 43: 8289– 8293.10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.03.162Search in Google Scholar
Garba, Z. N., I. Bello, A. Galadima, and A. Y. Lawal. 2016. “Optimization of Adsorption Conditions Using Central Composite Design for the Removal of Copper (II) and Lead (II) by Defatted Papaya Seed.” Karbala International Journal of Modern Science 2 (1): 20–28.10.1016/j.kijoms.2015.12.002Search in Google Scholar
Han, Z., J. Li, W. He, S. Li, Z. Li, J. Chu, and Y. Chen. 2013. “A Microfluidic Device with Integrated ZnO Nanowires for Photodegradation Studies of Methylene Blue under Different Conditions.” Microelectronic Engineering 111: 199–203.10.1016/j.mee.2013.03.154Search in Google Scholar
Hao, X.-g., H.-h. Li, Z.-l. Zhang, C.-m. Fan, S.-b. Liu, and Y.-p. Sun. 2009. “Modeling and Experimentation of a Novel Labyrinth Bubble Photoreactor for Degradation of Organic Pollutant.” Chemical Engineering Research and Design 87 (12): 1604–1611.10.1016/j.cherd.2009.06.002Search in Google Scholar
Henderson, M. A. 2011. “A Surface Science Perspective on Photocatalysis.” Surface Science Reports 66 (6–7): 185–297.10.1016/j.surfrep.2011.01.001Search in Google Scholar
Iqbal, M., N. Iqbal, I. A. Bhatti, N. Ahmad, and M. Zahid. 2016. “Response Surface Methodology Application in Optimization of Cadmium Adsorption by Shoe Waste: A Good Option of Waste Mitigation by Waste.” Ecological Engineering 88: 265–275.10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.12.041Search in Google Scholar
Khataee, A. R., M. Fathinia, S. Aber, and M. Zarei. 2010. “Optimization of Photocatalytic Treatment of Dye Solution on Supported TiO2 Nanoparticles by Central Composite Design: Intermediates Identification.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 181 (1–3): 886–897.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.096Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Khataee, A. R., M. N. Pons, and O. Zahraa. 2009. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Three Azo Dyes Using Immobilized TiO2 Nanoparticles on Glass Plates Activated by UV Light Irradiation: Influence of Dye Molecular Structure.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 168 (1): 451–457.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.052Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Khataee, A. R., M. Zarei, and L. Moradkhannejhad. 2010. “Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Azo Dye Removal by Oxalate Catalyzed photoelectro-Fenton Process Using Carbon nanotube-PTFE Cathode.” Desalination 258 (1): 112–119.10.1016/j.desal.2010.03.028Search in Google Scholar
Komaraiah, D., P. Madhukar, Y. Vijayakumar, M. V. Ramana Reddy, and R. Sayanna. 2016. “Photocatalytic Degradation Study of Methylene Blue by Brookite TiO2 Thin Film under Visible Light Irradiation.” Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (10): Part B. 3770–3778.10.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.026Search in Google Scholar
Krýsa, J., and J. Jirkovský. 2002. “Electrochemically Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Oxalic Acid on Particulate TiO2 Film in a Batch Mode Plate Photoreactor.” Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 32 (6): 591–596.10.1023/A:1020172613963Search in Google Scholar
Leung, M. K. H., S. M. Tang, R. C. W. Lam, D. Y. C. Leung, W. C. Yam, S. P. Ng, and L. L. P. Vrijmoed. 2006. “Parallel-Plate Solar Photocatalytic Reactor for Air Purification: Semi-Empirical Correlation, Modeling, and Optimization.” Solar Energy 80 (8): 949–955.10.1016/j.solener.2005.08.004Search in Google Scholar
Li, H., Z. Su, S. Hu, and Y. Yan. 2017. “Free-Standing and Flexible Cu/Cu2O/CuO Heterojunction Net: A Novel Material as Cost-Effective and Easily Recycled Visible-Light Photocatalyst.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 207: 134–142.10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.013Search in Google Scholar
Ma, R., L. Wang, S. Wang, C. Wang, and F.-S. Xiao. 2017. “Eco-Friendly Photocatalysts Achieved by Zeolite Fixing.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 212: 193–200.10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.04.071Search in Google Scholar
Masoumbeigi, H., A. Rezaee, A. Khataee, and S. J. Hashemian. 2009. “Effect of UV Radiation Intensity on Photocatalytic Removal of E. Coli Using Immobilized Zno Nanoparticles.” Kowsar Medical Journal 14 (3): 25.Search in Google Scholar
Mehrotra, K., G. S. Yablonsky, and A. K. Ray. 2005. “Macro Kinetic Studies for Photocatalytic Degradation of Benzoic Acid in Immobilized Systems.” Chemosphere 60 (10): 1427–1436.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.074Search in Google Scholar
Mimouni, R., A. Souissi, A. Madouri, K. Boubaker, and M. Amlouk. 2017. “High Photocatalytic Efficiency and Stability of Chromium-Indium Codoped ZnO Thin Films under Sunlight Irradiation for Water Purification Development Purposes.” Current Applied Physics 17: 1058–1065.10.1016/j.cap.2017.03.025Search in Google Scholar
Mourabet, M., A. El Rhilassi, H. El Boujaady, M. Bennani-Ziatni, R. El Hamri, and A. Taitai. 2015. “Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Hydroxyapatite (Hap) Using Response Surface Methodology.” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 19 (6): 603–615.10.1016/j.jscs.2012.03.003Search in Google Scholar
Mozia, S., M. Tomaszewska, and A. W. Morawski. 2007. “Photodegradation of Azo Dye Acid Red 18 in a Quartz Labyrinth Flow Reactor with Immobilized TiO2 Bed.” Dyes and Pigments 75 (1): 60–66.10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.05.012Search in Google Scholar
Munter, R. 2001. “Advanced Oxidation Processes – Current Status and Prospects.” Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Chem 50 (2): 59–80.10.3176/chem.2001.2.01Search in Google Scholar
Muradov, N. Z. 1994. “Solar Detoxification of Nitroglycerine-Contaminated Water Using Immobilized Titania.” Solar Energy 52 (3): 283–288.10.1016/0038-092X(94)90495-2Search in Google Scholar
Nogueira, R. F. P., and W. F. Jardim. 1996. “TiO2-fixed-bed Reactor for Water Decontamination Using Solar Light.” Solar Energy 56 (5): 471–477.10.1016/0038-092X(96)00036-9Search in Google Scholar
Pandey, A., S. Kalal, C. Ameta, R. Ameta, S. Kumar, and P. B. Punjabi. 2015. “Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Naïve and Nano-Sized Titanium Dioxide as a Photocatalyst for Degradation of Methylene Blue.” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 19 (5): 528–536.10.1016/j.jscs.2015.05.013Search in Google Scholar
Pozzo, R. L., J. L. Giombi, M. A. Baltanás, and A. E. Cassano. 2000. “The Performance in a Fluidized Bed Reactor of Photocatalysts Immobilized onto Inert Supports.” Catalysis Today 62 (2–3): 175–187.10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00419-3Search in Google Scholar
Rizzo, L., J. Koch, V. Belgiorno, and M. A. Anderson. 2007. “Removal of Methylene Blue in a Photocatalytic Reactor Using Polymethylmethacrylate Supported TiO2 Nanofilm.” Desalination 211 (1–3): 1–9.10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.081Search in Google Scholar
Senthilnathan, J., and L. Philip. 2012. “Elimination of Pesticides and Their Formulation Products from Drinking Water Using Thin Film Continuous Photoreactor under Solar Radiation.” Solar Energy 86 (9): 2735–2745.10.1016/j.solener.2012.06.011Search in Google Scholar
Sheydaei, M., S. Aber, and A. Khataee. 2014. “Degradation of Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution Using Nanolepidocrocite chips/H 2 O 2/UV: Optimization and Kinetics Studies.” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 20 (4): 1772–1778.10.1016/j.jiec.2013.08.031Search in Google Scholar
Smith, A. M., and S. Nie. 2010. “Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Structure, Properties, and Band Gap Engineering.” Accounts of Chemical Research 43 (2): 190–200.10.1021/ar9001069Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tchaikovskaya, O. N., and I. V. Sokolova. 2015. “Photoreactors for Solving Problems of Environmental Pollution.” Russian Physics Journal 57 (12): 1725–1731.10.1007/s11182-015-0444-6Search in Google Scholar
Thiruvenkatachari, R., S. Vigneswaran, and M. Sh. 2008. “A Review on UV/Tio2 Photocatalytic Oxidation Process.” JOURNAL REVIEW 25 (1): 64–72.10.1007/s11814-008-0011-8Search in Google Scholar
Thongsuriwong, K., P. Amornpitoksuk, and S. Suwanboon. 2013. “Structure, Morphology, Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activities of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Sol–Gel Dip-Coating Method.” Advanced Powder Technology 24 (1): 275–280.10.1016/j.apt.2012.07.002Search in Google Scholar
Vaiano, V., O. Sacco, D. Pisano, D. Sannino, and P. Ciambelli. 2015. “From the Design to the Development of a Continuous Fixed Bed Photoreactor for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater.” Chemical Engineering Science 137: 152–160.10.1016/j.ces.2015.06.023Search in Google Scholar
Vatanpour, V., A. Karami, and M. Sheydaei. 2017. “Central Composite Design Optimization of Rhodamine B Degradation Using TiO2 nanoparticles/UV/PVDF Process in Continuous Submerged Membrane Photoreactor.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 116: 68–75.10.1016/j.cep.2017.02.015Search in Google Scholar
Venkata Reddy, C., R. V. S. S. N. Ravikumar, G. Srinivas, J. Shim, and M. Cho. 2017. “Structural, Optical, and Improved Photocatalytic Properties of CdS/SnO2 Hybrid Photocatalyst Nanostructure.” Materials Science and Engineering: B 221: 63–72.10.1016/j.mseb.2017.04.002Search in Google Scholar
Vezzoli, M., T. Farrell, A. Baker, S. Psaltis, W. N. Martens, and J. M. Bell. 2013. “Optimal Catalyst Thickness in Titanium Dioxide Fixed Film Reactors: Mathematical Modelling and Experimental Validation.” Chemical Engineering Journal 234: 57–65.10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.049Search in Google Scholar
Wu, X., J. Zhao, L. Wang, M. Han, M. Zhang, H. Wang, H. Huang, Y. Liu, and Z. Kang. 2017. “Carbon Dots as Solid-State Electron Mediator for BiVO4/CDs/CdS Z-Scheme Photocatalyst Working under Visible Light.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 206: 501–509.10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.049Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Y., L. Xu, H. Wang, W. Wang, and L. Zhang. 2016. “TiO2/graphene Porous Composite and Its Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue.” Materials & Design 108: 632–639.10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.104Search in Google Scholar
Yue, P. L. 1985. Introduction to the Modelling and Design of Photoreactors. Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis and Photoreactors: Fundamentals and Developments. M. Schiavello. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 527–547.10.1007/978-94-015-7725-0_23Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, H., X. Ran, and X. Wu. 2012. “Electro-Fenton Treatment of Mature Landfill Leachate in a Continuous Flow Reactor.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 241–242: 259–266.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, Y., X. Xiong, Y. Han, X. Zhang, F. Shen, S. Deng, H. Xiao, et al. 2012. “Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Recalcitrant Organic Pollutants Using TiO2 Film Electrodes: An Overview.” Chemosphere 88 (2): 145–154.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Experiment and Dynamic Simulation of PIG Motion during Pigging Operation in a Slope Pipeline
- Solar Radiation Effect on a Magneto Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Medium with Chemically Reactive Species
- Mathematical Modeling of Ethane Cracking Furnace of Olefin Plant with Coke Formation Approach
- Entropy Generation and Activation Energy Impact on Radiative Flow of Viscous Fluid in Presence of Binary Chemical Reaction
- Exploration of Chemical Reaction Effects on Entropy Generation in Heat and Mass Transfer of Magneto-Jeffery Liquid
- Response Surface Methodology Optimization for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue in a ZnO Coated Flat Plate Continuous Photoreactor
- Modeling of Fluid Bed Reactor of Ethylene Di Chloride Production in Abadan Petrochemical Based on Three-Phase Hydrodynamic Model
- Optimization and Reaction Kinetics Studies on Copper-Cobalt Catalyzed Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Dimethylfuran
- Role of Fe(III) and Oxalic Acid in the photo-Fenton System for 3-Methylphenol Degradation in Aqueous Solution under Natural and Artificial Light
- Assessment of the Efficiency of Aliquat 336+Rice Bran Oil for Separation of Acrylic Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Reactive Extraction
Articles in the same Issue
- Experiment and Dynamic Simulation of PIG Motion during Pigging Operation in a Slope Pipeline
- Solar Radiation Effect on a Magneto Nanofluid Flow in a Porous Medium with Chemically Reactive Species
- Mathematical Modeling of Ethane Cracking Furnace of Olefin Plant with Coke Formation Approach
- Entropy Generation and Activation Energy Impact on Radiative Flow of Viscous Fluid in Presence of Binary Chemical Reaction
- Exploration of Chemical Reaction Effects on Entropy Generation in Heat and Mass Transfer of Magneto-Jeffery Liquid
- Response Surface Methodology Optimization for Photodegradation of Methylene Blue in a ZnO Coated Flat Plate Continuous Photoreactor
- Modeling of Fluid Bed Reactor of Ethylene Di Chloride Production in Abadan Petrochemical Based on Three-Phase Hydrodynamic Model
- Optimization and Reaction Kinetics Studies on Copper-Cobalt Catalyzed Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Dimethylfuran
- Role of Fe(III) and Oxalic Acid in the photo-Fenton System for 3-Methylphenol Degradation in Aqueous Solution under Natural and Artificial Light
- Assessment of the Efficiency of Aliquat 336+Rice Bran Oil for Separation of Acrylic Acid from Aqueous Solution Using Reactive Extraction