Home Preparation and TG/DTG, FT-IR, SEM, BET Surface Area, Iodine Number and Methylene Blue Number Analysis of Activated Carbon from Pistachio Shells by Chemical Activation
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Preparation and TG/DTG, FT-IR, SEM, BET Surface Area, Iodine Number and Methylene Blue Number Analysis of Activated Carbon from Pistachio Shells by Chemical Activation

  • Mustafa Kaya , Ömer Şahin and Cafer Saka EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 5, 2017

Abstract

In this study, low cost activated carbon was prepared from the pistachio shell by chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The prepared activated carbon was characterized by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal gravimetry (DTG), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area analyses. Results showed that the activation temperature and impregnation ratio have significant effect on the iodine number of the prepared activated carbon. The optimum conditions for preparing the activated carbon having the highest surface area were found to be an activation temperature of 700 °C, soaking time of 24 h and ZnCl2/ pistachio shell ratio of 50 %. The results showed that the BET surface area, total pore volume, iodine number and methylene blue (MB) number of activated carbon prepared under the optimum conditions were 1108 m2/g, 0.39 cm3/g, 1051 mg/g, 98.48 mg/g, respectively.

Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council-TUBITAK (Project 111Y288).

References

Achaw, O. W., & Afrane, G. 2008. "The evolution of the pore structure of coconut shells during the preparation of coconut shell-based activated carbons". Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 112(1): 284–290.10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.10.001Search in Google Scholar

Alothman, Z.A., M.A. Habila, and R. Ali. (2011).Preparation of Activated Carbon Using the Copyrolysis of Agricultural and Municipal Solid Wastes at a Low Carbonization Temperature. Proceedings of the International Conference on Biological and Environmental Chemistry. 24 67–72.Search in Google Scholar

Angın, D. 2013. "Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake". Bioresource Technology 128: 593–597.10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.150Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Angin, D 2014. “Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Sour Cherry Stones by Zinc Chloride.” Fuel 115: 804–811.10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.060Search in Google Scholar

ASTM. “D4607-94, Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Activated Carbon.”ASTM International, West Conshohocken. 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Bhadusha, N., and T. Ananthabaskaran. 2011. “Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue onto ZnCl2 Activated Carbon from Wood Apple Outer Shell: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies.” Journal of Chemistry 8 (4): 1696–1707.Search in Google Scholar

Boonpoke, A., S. Chiarakorn, N. Laosiripojana, S. Towprayoon, and A. Chidthaisong. 2011. “Synthesis of Activated Carbon and MCM-41 from Bagasse and Rice Husk and Their Carbon Dioxide Adsorption Capacity.” Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment 2 (2): 77–81.Search in Google Scholar

Bouchelta, C., M.S. Medjram, O. Bertrand, and J.P. Bellat. 2008. “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Date Stones by Physical Activation with Steam.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 82 (1): 70–77.10.1016/j.jaap.2007.12.009Search in Google Scholar

Cecen, F 2011. Water and Wastewater Treatment: Historical Perspective of Activated Carbon Adsorption and Its Integration with Biological Processes. Vol. 1, 1–11. Germany: Wiley Ver GmbH Co KGaA.10.1002/9783527639441.ch1Search in Google Scholar

Demiral, H., I. Demiral, F. Tümsek, and B. Karabacakoğlu. 2008. “Pore Structure of Activated Carbon Prepared from Hazelnut Bagasse by Chemical Activation.” Surface and Interface Analysis 40 (3–4): 616–619.10.1002/sia.2631Search in Google Scholar

Dolas, H., Ö. Şahin, C. Saka, and H. Demir. 2011. “A New Method on Producing High Surface Area Activated Carbon: The Effect of Salt on the Surface Area and the Pore Size Distribution of Activated Carbon Prepared from Pistachio Shell.” Chemical Engineering Journal 166: 191–197.10.1016/j.cej.2010.10.061Search in Google Scholar

Donald, J., Y. Ohtsuka, and C.C. Xu. 2011. “Effects of Activation Agents and Intrinsic Minerals on Pore Development in Activated Carbons Derived from a Canadian Peat.” Materials Letters 65: 744–747.10.1016/j.matlet.2010.11.049Search in Google Scholar

Du, C., Yang, H., Wu, Z., Ge, X., Cravotto, G., Ye, B. C., & Kaleem, I. 2016. "Microwave-assisted preparation of almond shell-based activated carbon for methylene blue adsorption". Green Processing and Synthesis 5(4): 395–406.10.1515/gps-2016-0032Search in Google Scholar

Foo, K.Y., and B.H. Hameed. 2011. “ Carbon from Pistachio Nut Shells via Microwave-Induced Chemical Activation.” Biomass and Bioenergy 35 (7): 3257–3261.10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.023Search in Google Scholar

Foo, K.Y., and B.H. Hameed. 2012a. “Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Wood Sawdust by K2CO3 Activation Using Microwave Heating.” Bioresource Technology 111: 425–432.10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.141Search in Google Scholar

Gao, P., Z.-H. Liu, G. Xue, B. Han, and M.-H. Zhou. 2011. “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Produced from Rice Straw by NH4.2HPO4 Activation.” Bioresource Technology 102: 3645–3648.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.080Search in Google Scholar

Gratuito, M.K.B., T. Panyathanmaporn, R.A. Chumnanklang, N. Sirinuntawittaya, and A. Dutta. 2008. “Production of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology.” Bioresource Technology 99: 4887–4895.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.042Search in Google Scholar

Grand View Research. 2016. Activated Carbon Market Analysis By Product (Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)), By Application (Liquid Phase, Gas Phase), By End-Use (Water Treatment, Food & Beverages, Pharmaceutical & Medical, Automotive, Air Purification) And Segment Forecasts To 2024http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/activated-carbon-market, Report ID: 978-1-68038-073-6.Search in Google Scholar

Hu, Z., and M.P. Srinivasan. 2001. “Mesoporous High-Surface-Area Activated Carbon.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 43: 267.10.1016/S1387-1811(00)00355-3Search in Google Scholar

Jagtoyen, M., and F. Derbyshire. 1998. “Activated Carbons from Yellow Poplar and White Oak by H3PO4 Activation.” Carbon 36 (7–8): 1085–1097.10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00082-7Search in Google Scholar

Jeremias, S.M., O. Larissa, P.F. Odair, F.G. Iara De, O.M. Italo, and S.B. Ledjane. 2008. “Biomorphic Activated Porous Carbons with Complex Microstructures from Lignocellulosic Residues.” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 107: 276–285.10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.03.020Search in Google Scholar

Kalderis, D., S. Bethanis, P. Paraskeva, and E. Diamadopoulos. 2008. “Production of Activated Carbon from Bagase and Rice Husk by a Single Stage Chemical Activation at Low Retention Times.” Bioresource Technology 99: 6809–6816.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.041Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Kamandari, H., H. Hashemipour Rafsanjani, H. Najjarzadeh, and Z. Eksiri. 2015. “Influence of Process Variables on Chemically Activated Carbon from Pistachio Shell with ZnCl2 and KOH.” Research on Chemical Intermediates 41 (1): 71–81.10.1007/s11164-013-1169-1Search in Google Scholar

Kazemipour, M., M. Ansari, S. Tajrobehkar, M. Majdzadeh, and H.R. Kermani. 2008. “Removal of Lead, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper from Industrial Wastewater by Carbon Developed from Walnut, Hazelnut, Almond, Pistachio Shell, and Apricot Stone.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 150 (2): 322–327.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.118Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Loredo-Cancino, M., Soto-Regalado, E., Cerino-Córdova, F. J., García-Reyes, R. B., García-León, A. M., & Garza-González, M. T. 2013. "Determining optimal conditions to produce activated carbon from barley husks using single or dual optimization". Journal of Environmental Management 125: 117–125.10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.028Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lozano-Castello, D., M.A. Lillo-Rodenas, D. Cazorla-Amoros, and A. Linares-Solano. 2001. “Preparation of Activated Carbons from Spanish Anthracite: I. Activation by KOH.” Carbon 39: 741–749.10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00185-8Search in Google Scholar

Lua, A.C., and T. Yang. 2004a. “Effect of Activation Temperature on the Textural and Chemical Properties of Potassium Hydroxide Activated Carbon Prepared from Pistachio-Nut Shell.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 274 (2): 594–601.10.1016/j.jcis.2003.10.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lua, A.C., and T. Yang. 2004b. “Effects of Vacuum Pyrolysis Conditions on the Characteristics of Activated Carbons Derived from Pistachio-Nut Shells.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 276 (2): 364–372.10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.071Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Nayak, A., B. Bhushan, V. Gupta, and P. Sharma. 2017. “Chemically Activated Carbon from Lignocellulosic Wastes for Heavy Metal Wastewater Remediation: Effect of Activation Conditions.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 493: 228–240.10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.031Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Özçimen, D., and A. Ersoy-Meriçboyu. 2010. “Adsorption of Copper (II) Ions onto Hazelnut Shell and Apricot Stone Activated Carbons.” Adsorption Science & Technology 28 (4): 327–340.10.1260/0263-6174.28.4.327Search in Google Scholar

Ozdemir, I., M. Şahin, R. Orhan, and M. Erdem. 2014. “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Grape Stalk by Zinc Chloride Activation.” Fuel Processing Technology 125: 200–206.10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.04.002Search in Google Scholar

Özdemir, M., T. Bolgaz, C. Saka, and Ö. Şahin. 2011. “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cotton Stalks in a Two-Stage Process.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 92: 171–175.10.1016/j.jaap.2011.05.010Search in Google Scholar

Özhan, A., Ö. Şahin, M.M. Küçük, and C. Saka. 2014. “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Pine Cone by Microwave-Induced ZnCl2 Activation and Its Effects on the Adsorption of Methylene Blue.” Cellulose 21: 2457–2467.10.1007/s10570-014-0299-ySearch in Google Scholar

Prahas, D., Y. Kartika, N. Indraswati, and S. Ismadji. 2008. “Activated Carbon from Jackfruit Peel Waste by H3PO4 Chemical Activation: Pore Structure and Surface Chemistry Characterization.” Chemical Engineering Journal 140: 32–42.10.1016/j.cej.2007.08.032Search in Google Scholar

Raposo, F., M.A. De La Rubia, and R. Borja. 2009. “Methylene Blue Number as Useful Indicator to Evaluate the Adsorptive Capacity of Granular Activated Carbon in Batch Mode: Influence of Adsorbate/Adsorbent Mass Ratio and Particle Size.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 165 (1): 291–299.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.106Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Saka, C 2012. “BET, TG-DTG, FTIR, SEM, Iodine Number Analysis and Preparation of Activated Carbon from Acorn Shell by Chemical Activation with ZnCl2.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 95: 21–24.10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.020Search in Google Scholar

Saka, C., Ö. Şahin, and M.M. Küçük. 2012. “Applications on Agricultural and Forest Waste Adsorbents for the Removal of Lead (II) from Contaminated Waters.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 9 (2): 379–394.10.1007/s13762-012-0041-ySearch in Google Scholar

Streat, M., and D. Naden. 1987. Ion Exchange and Sorption Processes in Hydrometallurgy. New York: Wiley .Search in Google Scholar

Sarkar, S. C., & Bose, A. 1997."Role of activated carbon pellets in carbon dioxide removal". Energy Conversion and Management 38: S105–S110.10.1016/S0196-8904(96)00254-3Search in Google Scholar

Tay, J.H., X.G. Chen, S. Jeyaseelan, and N. Graham. 2001. “Optimising the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Digested Sewage Sludge and Coconut Husk.” Chemosphere 44 (1): 45–51.10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00383-0Search in Google Scholar

Teng, H., and T.S. Yeh. 1998. “Preparation of Activated Carbons from Bituminous Coals with Zinc Chloride Activation.” Industrial Engineering Chemical Researcher 37: 58–65.10.1021/ie970534hSearch in Google Scholar

Tham, Y.J., P. Abdul Latif, A.M. Abdullah, A. Shamala-Devi, and Y.H. Taufiq-Yap. 2011. “Performances of Toluene Removal by Activated Carbon Derived from Durian Shell.” Bioresource Technology 102: 724–728.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.068Search in Google Scholar

Uçar, S., M. Erdem, T. Tay, and S. Karagöz. 2009. “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Produced from Pomegranate Seeds by ZnCl2 Activation.” Applied Surface Science 255: 8890–8896.10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.06.080Search in Google Scholar

Wartelle, L.H., W.E. Marshall, C.A. Toles, and M.M. Johns. 2000. “Comparison of Nutshell Granular Activated Carbons to Commercial Adsorbents for the Purge-And-Trap Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds.” Journal of Chromatogr. A 879: 169–175.10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00290-9Search in Google Scholar

Yang, T., and A.C. Lua. 2003a. “Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Pistachio-Nut Shells by Physical Activation.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 267 (2): 408–417. .10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00689-1Search in Google Scholar

Yeganeh, M.M., T. Kaghazchi, and M. Soleimani. 2006. “Effect of Raw Materials on Properties of Activated Carbons.” Chemical Engineering Technology 29: 1247–1251.10.1002/ceat.200500298Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2017-8-5

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 16.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijcre-2017-0060/pdf
Scroll to top button