Startseite Violence among young men: the importance of a gender-specific developmental approach to adolescent male suicide and homicide
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Violence among young men: the importance of a gender-specific developmental approach to adolescent male suicide and homicide

  • Timothy R. Rice EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 20. November 2014

Abstract

Suicide and homicide are much more commonly committed by adolescent males than females. Herein, a proposal in favor of gender-specific understanding and approach to these violent behaviors is presented. Social and healthcare service system factors, including issues of male adolescents’ access to care and help-seeking behaviors, are reviewed alongside the epidemiology of adolescent suicide and homicide as a transition into a detailed discussion of the putative biological factors at play. An emphasis upon the male androgen testosterone organizes the discussion. Behavioral manifestations of this brain-based organizational model are presented with a focus on impulsivity, aggression, and externalizing dysregulated emotionality. Treatment considerations and implications are developed.


Corresponding author: Timothy R. Rice, MD, Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029, USA, E-mail:

References

1. Denno D. Biology and violence: from birth to adulthood. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Suche in Google Scholar

2. Värnik P. Suicide in the world. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012;9:760–71.10.3390/ijerph9030760Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol 2000;55:469–80.10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469Suche in Google Scholar

4. Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.Suche in Google Scholar

5. Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Dev Perspect 2007;1:68–73.10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.xSuche in Google Scholar

6. Howden L, Meyer J. 2010 Census Briefs. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2011.Suche in Google Scholar

7. United Nations. World population prospects 2010 revision. New York: United Nations Department Economic Social Affairs, 2010.Suche in Google Scholar

8. Bell DL, Breland DJ, Ott MA. Adolescent and young adult male health: a review. Pediatrics 2013;132:535–46.10.1542/peds.2012-3414Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Mulye TP, Park MJ, Nelson CD, Adams SH, Irwin CE, et al. Trends in adolescent and young adult health in the United States. J Adolesc Health 2009;45:8–24.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National initiative to improve adolescent health. URL: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/AdolescentHealth/NationalInitiative/index.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

11. Kirzinger W, Cohen R, Gindi R. Health care access and utilization among young adults aged 19–25: early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, January–September 2011. National Center Health Statistics, 2012. URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/releases.htm.Suche in Google Scholar

12. Rice TR, Sher L. Educating health care trainees and professionals about suicide prevention in depressed adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2013;25:221–9.10.1515/ijamh-2013-0056Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Adams SH, Newacheck PW, Park MJ, Brindis CD, Irwin CE. Health insurance across vulnerable ages: patterns and disparities from adolescence to the early 30s. Pediatrics 2007;119:e1033–9.10.1542/peds.2006-1730Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Sommers BD, Buchmueller T, Decker SL, Carey C, Kronick R. The Affordable Care Act has led to significant gains in health insurance and access to care for young adults. Health Aff (Millwood) 2013;32:165–74.10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0552Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Pleck JH, Sonenstein FL, Ku LC. Masculinity ideology: its impact on adolescent males’ heterosexual relationships. J Soc Issues 1993;49:11–29.10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01166.xSuche in Google Scholar

16. Marcell AV, Ford CA, Pleck JH, Sonenstein FL. Masculine beliefs, parental communication, and male adolescents’ health care use. Pediatrics 2007;119:e966–75.10.1542/peds.2006-1683Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Tyler RE, Williams S. Masculinity in young men’s health: exploring health, help-seeking and health service use in an online environment. J Health Psychol 2013;19:457–70.Suche in Google Scholar

18. Vogel DL, Heimerdinger-Edwards SR, Hammer JH, Hubbard A. “Boys don’t cry”: examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. J Couns Psychol 2011;58:368–82.10.1037/a0023688Suche in Google Scholar

19. Tsirigotis K, Gruszczynski W, Tsirigotis-Maniecka M. Gender differentiation of indirect self-destructiveness. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013;26:39–48.10.2478/s13382-013-0085-3Suche in Google Scholar

20. Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, Beautrais A, Currier D, et al. Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. J Am Med Assoc 2005;294:2064–74.10.1001/jama.294.16.2064Suche in Google Scholar

21. Eaton D, Kann L, Kinchen S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States, 2011. MMWR 2012;61.Suche in Google Scholar

22. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Ormrod R, Hamby SL. Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics 2009;124:1411–23. PMID: 19805459.10.1542/peds.2009-0467Suche in Google Scholar

23. Monuteaux MC, Lee L, Fleegler E. Children injured by violence in the United States: emergency department utilization, 2000–2008. Acad Emerg Med 2012;19:535–40.10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01341.xSuche in Google Scholar

24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS leading causes of death reports. 2013. URL: http://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10_us.html.Suche in Google Scholar

25. Wasserman D, Cheng Q, Jiang G-X. Global suicide rates among young people aged 15–19. World Psychiatry 2005;4:114–20.Suche in Google Scholar

26. Patton GC, Coffey C, Sawyer SM, Viner RM, Haller DM, et al. Global patterns of mortality in young people: a systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2009;374:881–92.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60741-8Suche in Google Scholar

27. Rice T. Emotion regulation and adolescent suicide: a proposal for physician education. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2015;27:189–9410.1515/ijamh-2015-5010Suche in Google Scholar

28. Horesh N, Gothelf D, Ofek H, Weizman T, Apter A. Impulsivity as a correlate of suicidal behavior in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Crisis 1999;20:8–14.10.1027//0227-5910.20.1.8Suche in Google Scholar

29. Simon OR, Swann AC, Powell KE, Potter LB, Kresnow MJ, et al. Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2001;32:49–59.10.1521/suli.32.1.5.49.24212Suche in Google Scholar

30. Krug E, Dahlberg L, Mercy J, Zwi A, Lozano R. World report on violence and health. Geneva: WHO. 2002.10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0Suche in Google Scholar

31. Lindberg N, Laajasalo T, Holi M, Putkonen H, Weizmann-Henelius G, et al. Psychopathic traits and offender characteristics-a nationwide consecutive sample of homicidal male adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2009;9:18.10.1186/1471-244X-9-18Suche in Google Scholar

32. Loeber R, Menting B, Lynam DR, Moffitt TE, Stouthamer-Loeber M, et al. Findings from the Pittsburgh Youth Study: cognitive impulsivity and intelligence as predictors of the age-crime curve. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;51:1136–49.10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.019Suche in Google Scholar

33. Caldwell M. Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: a 2-year follow-up. Crim Justice Behav 2006;33:571–96.10.1177/0093854806288176Suche in Google Scholar

34. Roe-Sepowitz DE. Comparing male and female juveniles charged with homicide: child maltreatment, substance abuse, and crime details. J Interpers Violence 2009;24:601–17.10.1177/0886260508317201Suche in Google Scholar

35. Sher L. Testosterone and suicidal behavior. Expert Rev Neurother 2012;12:257–9.10.1586/ern.12.6Suche in Google Scholar

36. Sher L. Testosterone and homicidal behavior. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2014;48:290.10.1177/0004867413504832Suche in Google Scholar

37. Sher L. High and low testosterone levels may be associated with suicidal behavior in young and older men, respectively. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 2013;47:492–3.10.1177/0004867412463976Suche in Google Scholar

38. Beck-Peccoz P, Padmanabhan V, Baggiani AM, Cortelazzi D, Buscaglia M, et al. Maturation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in normal human fetuses: circulating levels of gonadotropins, their common alpha-subunit and free testosterone, and discrepancy between immunological and biological activities of circulating follicles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:525–32.10.1210/jcem-73-3-525Suche in Google Scholar

39. Ochsner KN, Gross JJ. The neural bases of emotion and emotion regulation: a valuation perspective. In: Gross JJ, editor. Handbook of emotional regulation, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford, 2014:23–41.Suche in Google Scholar

40. Xiao L, Becker JB. Quantitative microdialysis determination of extracellular striatal dopamine concentration in male and female rats: effects of estrous cycle and gonadectomy. Neurosci Lett 1994;180:155–8.10.1016/0304-3940(94)90510-XSuche in Google Scholar

41. Andersen SL, Teicher MH. Sex differences in dopamine receptors and their relevance to ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000;24:137–41.10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00044-5Suche in Google Scholar

42. Cosgrove KP, Mazure CM, Staley JK. Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:847–55.10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. McManus IC, Bryden MP. Geschwind’s theory of cerebral lateralization: developing a formal, causal model. Psychol Bull 1991;110:237–53.10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.237Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Volman I, Toni I, Verhagen L, Roelofs K. Endogenous testosterone modulates prefrontal-amygdala connectivity during social emotional behavior. Cereb Cortex 2011;21:2282–90.10.1093/cercor/bhr001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

45. Van Wingen G, Mattern C, Verkes RJ, Buitelaar J, Fernndez G. Testosterone reduces amygdala-orbitofrontal cortex coupling. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010;35:105–113.10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.09.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Van Wingen GA, Ossewaarde L, Bäckström T, Hermans EJ, Fernández G. Gonadal hormone regulation of the emotion circuitry in humans. Neuroscience 2011;191:38–45.10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.042Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Beck AT, Brown G, Berchick RJ, Stewart BL, Steer RA. Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: a replication with psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:190–5.10.1176/ajp.147.2.190Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Beck AT. Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In: Salkovskis P, editor. Frontiers of cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford, 1996:1–25.Suche in Google Scholar

49. Spirito A, Overholser J, Hart K. Cognitive characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991;30:604–8.10.1097/00004583-199107000-00012Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Cole DA. Psychopathology of adolescent suicide: hopelessness, coping beliefs, and depression. J Abnorm Psychol 1989;98: 248–55.10.1037/0021-843X.98.3.248Suche in Google Scholar

51. Gross JJ, editor. Handbook of emotion regulation, 2nd edition. New York: Guilford, 2014.Suche in Google Scholar

52. Ehring T, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schnülle J, Fischer S, Gross JJ. Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion 2010;10:563– 72.10.1037/a0019010Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

53. Etkin A, Prater KE, Hoeft F, Menon V, Schatzberg AF. Failure of anterior cingulate activation and connectivity with the amygdala during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:545–54.10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070931Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. McKelley RA, Rochlen AB. Conformity to masculine norms and preferences for therapy or executive coaching. Psychol Men Masc 2010;11:1–14.10.1037/a0017224Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-7-1
Accepted: 2014-8-16
Published Online: 2014-11-20
Published in Print: 2015-5-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. A role for psychiatry in parental override cases
  4. Reviews
  5. Forensic psychiatric evaluations: an overview of methods, ethical issues, and criminal and civil assessments
  6. Underage drinking: does the minimum age drinking law offer enough protection?
  7. The role of serotonin in adolescent suicide: theoretical, methodological, and clinical concerns
  8. Biological and environmental predictors of the dysregulation profile in children and adolescents: the story so far
  9. The role of serotonin in impulsive aggression, suicide, and homicide in adolescents and adults: a literature review
  10. Outliers in American juvenile justice: the need for statutory reform in North Carolina and New York
  11. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance use disorders, and criminality: a difficult problem with complex solutions
  12. Violence among young men: the importance of a gender-specific developmental approach to adolescent male suicide and homicide
  13. Adolescent mass shootings: developmental considerations in light of the Sandy Hook shooting
  14. Emotion regulation and adolescent suicide: a proposal for physician education
  15. Oxytocin and callous-unemotional traits: towards a social-cognitive approach to forensic analysis
  16. Suicide medical malpractice: an educational overview
  17. Alcohol and drug use among adolescents: an educational overview
  18. Original Article
  19. Victimization exposure and suicidal ideation among Spaniard adolescents evaluated at outpatient mental health services
  20. Short Communication
  21. Suicide risk assessment: searching for true positive
  22. Case Reports
  23. Taking a toy gun to school: a consideration of the determinants of adolescent forensic behavior in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook shooting
  24. Suicidal behavior in a medical professional with comorbid depression and substance use disorder: an educational case report
  25. Low testosterone in a young combat veteran with dual diagnosis and suicidal behavior: a case study
Heruntergeladen am 22.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2015-5008/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen