Home Physical Sciences Preparation and Thermal Properties of High-Purified Molten Nitrate Salt Materials with Heat Transfer and Storage
Article Open Access

Preparation and Thermal Properties of High-Purified Molten Nitrate Salt Materials with Heat Transfer and Storage

  • Hongtao Zhang , Youjing Zhao , Jingli Li , Lijie Shi and Min Wang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: February 28, 2015
Download Article (PDF)
High Temperature Materials and Processes
From the journal High Temperature Materials and Processes Volume 34 Issue 8

Abstract

This paper focuses on thermal stability of molten salts, operating temperature range and latent heat of molten salts at a high temperature. In this experiment, multi-component molten salts (purified Solar Salt) composed of purified NaNO3 and purified KNO3 were prepared by statical mixing method. Compared with unpurified Solar Salt, purified Solar Salt had a higher thermal stability. The optimal temperature would be increased from 500°C to 550°C, and the upper limitation temperature increases from 577.5°C to 593.7°C. Meanwhile, thermal stability and thermal cycling analysis showed the purified Solar Salt had a lower melting point and the deterioration time of molten salts was reduced. The melting point of purified Solar Salt decreases sharply to 223.8°C and the latent heat increases from 74.39 J/g to 80.79 J/g. Besides, the XRD and chemical analysis test indicated that the degree of degradation reduced and the thermal storage efficiency of purified Solar Salt was improved.

Keywords: solar energy materials; purification; thermal properties; Molten nitrate salts
PACS.: 81. Materials science

Introduction

Solar energy storage has become more attractive in recent years. In particular, solar energy with the characteristics of being abundance, cost-free and clean to the environment is a prospective renewable energy resource, but the extensive utilization is impeded by its intermittent characteristic [1, 2]. An efficient and reliable energy storage system is one of the promising solutions for this time-dependent limitation [3, 4]. Compared with other materials of heat storage, molten salts have thermal energy storage and heat transfer properties [5]. Three major groups of molten salts mixtures (nitrate/nitrite group, carbonate group and chloride/fluoride group) are mostly studied [2–7]. Generally, compared to the other two groups, molten nitrate salts are being used as media for the thermal energy storage because of the low-melting point, low unit cost, high heat capacity and high thermal stability, etc. [8–10].

To date, NaNO3-KNO3 system [11] and NaNO3-KNO3-NaNO2 system [12] are being widely used as medium for the heat storage solar thermal power stations. These molten salts are similar to water at a high temperature, so they are suitable heat transfer-thermal storage materials used for solar thermal power [13, 14]. Besides, their thermal conductivities are two times higher than other organic heat transfer fluids [15]. Unfortunately, these molten salts are not stable enough at high temperatures in the presence of oxygen and the working temperature range of these molten salts is not wide enough [16]. In addition, in the process of solar thermal power generation, high impurity content of the molten salts will corrode various metal materials and molten salts piping, thus shortening the service life of equipment [17]. Besides, equipment fouling will severely reduce heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer efficiency of the system [18]. So there are very stringent requirements on the purity of molten salts.

In order to solve the problems mentioned above, it must be preparing high-purity molten nitrate salts and focused on reducing its melting point, increase its upper limitation temperatures and reinforce its stability. We chose potassium nitrate (KNO3) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) [19, 20]. Besides, a kind of molten salts (purified Solar Salt [NaNO3 (60%) and purified KNO3 (40%)]) was sufficiently stable at high temperatures. All thermo-physical properties of molten salt were determined in order to examine whether it was suitable for heat transfer-thermal storage material.

Experiment

Materials and preparation

Potassium nitrate (KNO3, industrial grade, purity >99%, Qinghai Salt Lake Industry Group Company Limited) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3, industrial grade, purity >99%, Qinghai Salt Lake Industry Group Company Limited) were purified by recrystallization (Industrial-grade NaNO3 is dissolved in the smallest amount of hot solvent at a definite temperature to make saturated solution. Saturated solution filtered to remove insoluble substance, cooling and crystallization, filtration, washing high-purity of products obtained after the operation.) and dried in an air oven at 85°C for 24 h. Solar Salt [NaNO3 (60%) and KNO3 (40%)] were made by statically mixing method [21]. NaNO3 (60%) and KNO3 (40%) were put into a mortar and mixed uniformly in a macroscopic scale by the pestle. Subsequently, these molten salts were placed in the Muffle furnace and heated statically to melt completely at about 350°C (heating rate of 7°C /min) and then kept for 3 h. The Solar Salt was then cooled to room temperature, ground to powders, and kept in a dryer.

Apparatus and calibration

Melting point and latent heat of molten salts were measured by SDT Q600 thermo gravimetric analysis (The United States thermoelectric company); molten salts were identified by X-ray powder diffractometry (Cu-Kα radiation and a scanning range of 20–75(2θ)); the contents of impurity ions were determined by chemical analysis and ICAP 6500 DUO (The United States thermoelectric company). In the experiment of thermal cycling molten salts were put into a Muffle furnace and melted completely at different temperatures: 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C (7°C/min), respectively, then kept for 3 h and cooled to room temperature naturally. The weights of cooled solids were measured by electronic scales and recorded. Repeated 10 times in this way, finally, these data were used in the weight loss vs time curve of molten salts at different temperatures.

Results and discussion

Composition analysis

The component analysis of the sample was measured by chemical analysis and ICAP as shown in Table 1. Table 1 showed the levels of impurity ions of NaNO3 and KNO3 before/after purification. The levels of Cl–, SO42–, Mg2+ and K+ in purified NaNO3 were reduced by 74.2%, 61.3%, 86.1% and 4.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the levels of Cl–, SO42– and Mg2+ in purified KNO3 were reduced by 68.5%, 81.5% and 73.9%, respectively. In the study, few of Fe3+ and Ca2+ can be neglected.

Table 1

Comparison of impurities

Impurity ionsNaNO3 (%)Purified NaNO3 (%)KNO3 (%)Purified KNO3 (%)
Cl–0.36790.09480.31470.099
SO42–0.03230.01250.12840.0237
Mg2+0.02090.00290.02640.0069
K+0.02150.0206––
Fen+0.000900.00140
Ca2+0.00220.00690.00220.0072

Thermal stability

Decomposition curves of molten salts are shown in Figures 1–6. Figure 1 showed that the weight loss of sodium nitrate molten salt (SNMS), respectively, was 0.098%, 1.21% and 2.75% at 350°C, 450°C and 500°C. The weight loss of purified SNMS slightly decreases which was shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 showed the weight loss of purified SNMS was 0.055% after 27 h at 350°C, 1.04% at 450°C and 2.01% at 500°C.

Figure 1 Weight loss vs time of sodium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures
Figure 1

Weight loss vs time of sodium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures

Figure 2 Weight loss vs time of purified sodium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures
Figure 2

Weight loss vs time of purified sodium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures

Whereas the weight loss of purified potassium nitrate molten salt (PNMS) increases which were shown in Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 showed the weight loss of PNMS was 1.74% after 27 h at 350°C, 2.56% at 450°C and 4.29% at 550°C. These indicated PNMS was more stable below 450°C (when the weight loss was less than 3%, molten salts are defined as the steady state). The optimum operating temperature of purified PNMS was increased from 450°C to 550°C. These were shown in Figure 4. The weight loss of purified PNMS was 1.63% at 350°C, 1.60% at 450°C, 2.6% at 550°C and 15.12% at 600°C.

Figure 3 Weight loss vs time of potassium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures
Figure 3

Weight loss vs time of potassium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures

Figure 4 Weight loss vs time of purified potassium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures
Figure 4

Weight loss vs time of purified potassium nitrate molten salt at different temperatures

In addition, Figures 5 and 6 showed the weight loss of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt. The weight loss of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt was 3.54% and 2.65% at 550°C respectively, and the weight loss increased when the temperature was higher than 550°C. It was clear that the optimum operating temperature of purified Solar Salt was increased to 550°C. Because of oxidation of the nitrites or other reactions resulted in the increasing of the weight of purified Solar Salt at the early stage.

Figure 5 Weight loss vs time of Solar Salt at different temperatures
Figure 5

Weight loss vs time of Solar Salt at different temperatures

Figure 6 Weight loss vs time of purified Solar Salt at different temperatures
Figure 6

Weight loss vs time of purified Solar Salt at different temperatures

Melting point and latent heat

The melting point is an important physical property for heat transfer materials. Lower melting point requires less heat insulation measures between heat storage containers and pipe valves. The fuel gas or electric heating system to prevent the solidification of molten salt in entire experiment loop was reduced. Therefore, molten salts with lower melting point were suitable for heat transfer and thermal storage materials. Besides, latent heat of molten salts was also one of the important characteristics for thermal storage materials. The melting point of molten salts was analyzed by SDT-Q600 thermo gravimetric analysis and DSC test results were shown in Figures 7–9. Compared with unpurified SNMS, the melting point of purified SNMS was increased from 306.4°C to 308.4°C and latent heat of melting also increased from 159.2 J/g to 195.2 J/g. While that of purified PNMS was sharply decreased from 322.2°C to 228.9°C and latent heat of melting was increased from 161.5 J/g to 171.51 J/g. Figure 9 showed the melting point of purified Solar Salt was decreased to 223.8°C and the latent heat of melting was increased from 74.39 J/g to 80.79 J/g compared with Solar Salt. It was clear that the purification effect of molten salts on their thermal properties was significant. The first endothermic peak is caused by the water to vaporize.

Figure 7 DSC curves of sodium nitrate molten salt and purified sodium nitrate molten salt
Figure 7

DSC curves of sodium nitrate molten salt and purified sodium nitrate molten salt

Figure 8 DSC curves of potassium nitrate molten salt and purified potassium nitrate molten salt
Figure 8

DSC curves of potassium nitrate molten salt and purified potassium nitrate molten salt

Figure 9 DSC curves of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt
Figure 9

DSC curves of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt

Generally, thermal storage material should be used repeatedly and corresponding properties should be stable. After 10 cycles, melting point of Solar Salt was reduced and latent heat was increased as DSC test results were shown in Figures 10 and 11. Melting point of purified Solar Salt was decreased by 0.44% at 350°C, 0.93% at 450°C and 23.2% at 550°C. Loss of latent heat for purified Solar Salt was increased by 3.5% at 400°C, 21.5% at 500°C and 30.6% at 600°C, compared with unpurified Solar Salt, so that was favorable to reduce latent heat loss when purifying NaNO3 and KNO3.

Figure 10 Melting point of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h
Figure 10

Melting point of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h

Figure 11 Latent heat of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h
Figure 11

Latent heat of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h

Upper limitation temperature

The results for the TG experiments of different molten salts are shown in Figures 12–14. Figure 12 showed the upper limitation temperature of purified SNMS was decreased from 613.4°C to 607.4°C and Figure 13 showed the upper limitation temperature of purified PNMS was decreased from 613.7°C to 583.9°C, while Figure 14 showed the upper limitation temperature of purified Solar Salt was increased from 577.5°C to 592°C.

Figure 12 Thermogravimetric measurement results of sodium nitrate molten salt
Figure 12

Thermogravimetric measurement results of sodium nitrate molten salt

Figure 13 Thermogravimetric measurement results of potassium nitrate molten salt
Figure 13

Thermogravimetric measurement results of potassium nitrate molten salt

Figure 14 Thermogravimetric measurement results of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt
Figure 14

Thermogravimetric measurement results of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt

Accumulation of heat or release of heat cycle test can reflect the performance of the heat storage materials, in other words, the materials could maintain their original characteristics. Figure 15 showed that the upper limitation temperature of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h at different temperatures. In addition, the upper limitation temperature of purified Solar Salt was higher than unpurified. The upper limitation temperature of purified Solar Salt was increased from 577.5°C to 593.7°C at 350°C, 594.2°C to 595.2°C at 450°C and 583.3°C to 584.8°C at 550°C. It was concluded that the purification of NaNO3 and KNO3 could raise the upper limitation temperature of Solar Salt after several cycles.

Figure 15 Upper limitation temperature of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h
Figure 15

Upper limitation temperature of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h

Content of impurities analysis

The analysis above indicated that the melting point of the purified Solar Salt was reduced, the upper limitation temperature was increased and the thermal stability was enhanced. The compositions of the molten salts and the preparation conditions above were similar, except for the impurities. Therefore, it was necessary to research the levels of impurity ions of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt. Table 1 showed the main impurity ions of NaNO3 and KNO3 were Cl–, SO42– and Mg2+. Figure 16 showed the impurity contents of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 10 cycles at different temperatures. The ions of Cl–, SO42– and Mg2+ are all decreased in either Solar Salt or purified Solar Salt. It can be preliminarily determined that the interaction force of different ions was decreased with the decrease in impurities ions and the energy required for the reactions was also decreased. The effects of impurities are explored from the point view of crystal structure and mechanics. The vibration patterns of NaNO3-KNO3 system increased with the increase in impurities ions, and the consistency of whole-vibration can be broken. Thus it affected the melting point and the thermal stability of molten salt [22]. Thermodynamically, the total Gibbs energy of NaNO3-KNO3 system is given by the following equation [23]:

(1)G(T)=XNaNO3∙Gm,NaNO3θ(T)+XKNO3∙Gm,KNO3θ(T)+XNaNO3RTlnXNaNO3+XKNO3RTlnXKNO3+GmXS

where Gmθ is the molar standard Gibbs energy of pure end-members, XNaNO3 and XKNO3 are the mole fractions of NaNO3 and KNO3, respectively. The excess enthalpy of mixture indicates the degree to which will vary from the ideal mixture. The full optimized excess Gibbs energy of the (Na1−x, Kx)NO3 liquid solution obtained in our assessment is given below [24]:

(2)GliquidXS(J/mol)=XNaNO3•XKNO3(−1709.2+5.2T−284.5•XNaNO3)

That was based on the mixing enthalpies experimentally determined. The excess enthalpy of the (Na1−x, Kx)NO3 liquid has been measured at 618–723 K by Kleppa [25],

(3)HliquidXS(J/mol)=XNaNO3•XKNO3(−1709.2−274.5•XNaNO3)

The values of XNaNO3 and XKNO3 were increased with decreasing the contents of Cl–, SO42– and Mg2+ respectively. From eq. (3), the absolute values of HliquidXS were decreased with increasing the values of XNaNO3 and XKNO3. This proves that purified Solar Salt was closer to the ideal mixture. So it was concluded that purification could improve the thermal stability, reduce the melting point, promote the upper limitation temperature and raise the latent heat of Solar Salt. But our results and explanations need to be proved by further experiments.

Figure 16 Content of impurities of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h 3.6 XRD analysis
Figure 16

Content of impurities of Solar Salt and purified Solar Salt after 27 h 3.6 XRD analysis

The stability of purified Solar Salt was identified by XRD radiation. The tests showed that the main content of molten salts was NaNO3 and KNO3, indicating that there was good chemical compatibility between molten salts. Figure 17 showed XRD pattern of unpurified Solar Salt without cycle and after 10 cycles at 550°C. Compared with raw nitrate molten salts, some new diffraction characteristic peak of unpurified Solar Salt appeared after 10 cycles at 550°C, giving rise to new substances. Figure 18 showed XRD pattern of purified Solar Salt without cycle and after 10 cycles at 550°C. No new diffraction characteristic peak appeared for Solar Salt after 10 cycles, which was similar with purified Solar Salt without cycle. It was indicated that the composition of the purified Solar Salt could keep stable in heat cycle. Therefore, the upper limitation temperature of purified Solar Salt was 550°C, which was higher than unpurified.

Figure 17 XRD pattern of unpurified Solar Salt after 10 cycles
Figure 17

XRD pattern of unpurified Solar Salt after 10 cycles

Figure 18 XRD pattern of purified Solar Salt after 10 cycles
Figure 18

XRD pattern of purified Solar Salt after 10 cycles

Conclusions

In this paper, a new heat transfer-thermal storage material [purified NaNO3 (60%) and KNO3 (40%)] was prepared by statical mixing method. In order to reduce equipment corrosion and extend service life of Solar Salt, purification was used during the modification process. The tentative conclusions can be summarized as follows:

  1. Compared with unpurified Solar Salt, purified Solar Salt possessed better high-temperature thermal stability. The optimum operating temperature was increased from 450°C to 550°C.

  2. The melting point of purified PNMS was sharply decreased from 322.2°C to 228.6°C. That of purified Solar Salt was decreased to 223.8°C and the latent heat was increased from 74.39 J/g to 80.79 J/g. The upper limitation temperature was increased from 577.5°C to 593.7°C, indicating it was suitable for heat transfer–thermal storage.

  3. The properties of Solar Salt were promoted with the levels of the impurity decreasing. After 10 time thermal cycle test, the composition of the purified Solar Salt could keep stable. The temperature scope is range from 224.9°C to 584.8°C and the latent heat was 81.15 J/g. So the purified Solar Salt has an excellent and stable thermal storage performance.

Acknowledgments

Financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai province of China (No. 2014-ZJ-909) is gratefully acknowledged. Prof. Min Wang, M. YouJing Zhao, M. Jinli Li, M. Lijie Shi in Chinese Academy of Sciences are appreciated for helpful suggestions.

References

1. SarıA. Thermal reliability test of some fatty acids as PCMs used for solar thermal latent heat storage applications. Energy Convers Manage2003;44:2277–87.10.1016/S0196-8904(02)00251-0Search in Google Scholar

2. KharenS, Dell’AmicoM, KnightC, McGarryS. Selection of materials for high temperature latent heat energy storage. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells2012;107:20–7.10.1016/j.solmat.2012.07.020Search in Google Scholar

3. WeiXL, PengQ, DingJ, YangXX, YangJP, LongB. Theoretical study on thermal stability of molten salts for solar thermal power. Appl Therm Eng2013;54:140–4.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.01.023Search in Google Scholar

4. MaoA, KimK, HanGY. Heat transfer characteristics of high temperature molten salt storage for solar thermal power generation. Proceedings of ISES solar world congress: solar energy and human settlement, September 18–21, Incheon, Korea, 2007:1874–1878.Search in Google Scholar

5. CáceresG, AnriqueN, GirardA, DegrèveJ, BaeyensJ, ZhangHL. Performance of molten salts solar power towers in Chile. J Renew Sustain Energy2013;53142:1–16.Search in Google Scholar

6. XiaoX, ZhangP, LiM. Thermal characterization of nitrates and nitrates/expanded graphite mixture phase change materials for solar energy storage. Energy Convers Manage2013;73:86–94.10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.007Search in Google Scholar

7. WangT, ManthaD, ReddyRG. Novel low melting point quaternary eutectic system for solar thermal energy storage. Appl Energy2013;102:1422–9.10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.001Search in Google Scholar

8. BradshawRW, MeekerDE. High-temperature stability of ternary nitrate molten salts for solar thermal energy systems. Sol Energy Mater1990;21:51–60.10.1016/0165-1633(90)90042-YSearch in Google Scholar

9. WangT, ManthaD, ReddyRG. Thermodynamic properties of LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3-2KNO3.Mg(NO3)2 system. Thermochim Acta2013;551:92–8.10.1016/j.tca.2012.09.035Search in Google Scholar

10. ManthaD, WangT, ReddyRG. Thermodynamic modeling of eutectic point in the LiNO3-NaNO3-KNO3 ternary system.J Phase Equilib Diffus2012;33:110–14.10.1007/s11669-012-0005-4Search in Google Scholar

11. BauerT, LaingD, TammeR. Recent Progress in Alkali Nitrate/Nitrite Developments for Solar Thermal Power Applications. Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology, MS9, June 5–9, 2011, Trondheim, Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology, Norway, 2011: 1–10.Search in Google Scholar

12. LopezJ, AcemZ, Del BarrioEP. KNO3/NaNO3-Graphite materials for thermal energy storage at high temperature:Part II. – Phase transition properties. Appl Therm Eng2010;30:1586–93.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.03.014Search in Google Scholar

13. LiuM, SamanW, BrunoF. Review on storage materials and thermal performance enhancement techniques for high temperature phase change thermal storage systems. Renew Sust Energy Rev2012;16:2118–32.10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.020Search in Google Scholar

14. BauerT, PflegerN, BreidenbachN, EckM, LaingD, KaescheS. Material aspects of Solar Salt for sensible heat storage. Appl Energy2013;111:1114–19.10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.072Search in Google Scholar

15. LuJF, DingJ, YangJP. Filling dynamics and phase change of molten salt in cold receiver pipe during initial pumping process. Int J Heat Mass Transfer2013;64:98–107.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.04.021Search in Google Scholar

16. FlueckigerSM, YangZ, GarimellaSV. Review of Molten-Salt Thermocline Tank Modeling for Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Heat Transfer Eng2013;34:787–800.10.1080/01457632.2012.746152Search in Google Scholar

17. PengQ, DingJ, WeiXL, YangJP, YangXX. Preparation for molten salts phase change materials. Proceedings of ISES solar world congress: solar energy and human settlement, September 18–21, Incheon, Korea, 2007: 1828–1832.10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_373Search in Google Scholar

18. PengQ, WeiXL, DingJ, YangJP, YangXX. High-temperature thermal stability of molten salt materials. Int J Energy Res2008;32:1164–74.10.1002/er.1453Search in Google Scholar

19. AcemZ, LopezJ, Del BarrioEP. KNO3/NaNO3 Graphite materials for thermal energy storage at high temperature: Part I. – Elaboration methods and thermal properties. Appl Therm Eng2010;30:1580–5.10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.03.013Search in Google Scholar

20. ChenM. Present status and prospect of development and utilization of Mirabilite resources in Qinghai. Inorg Chem Ind2010;42:4–6.Search in Google Scholar

21. WangXM. Development of brine potassium resource in Qinghai Province. IM&P2000;9:13–17.Search in Google Scholar

22. PengQ, DingJ, WeiXL, YangJP, YangXX. The preparation and properties of multi-component molten salts. Appl Energy2010;87:2812–17.10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.06.022Search in Google Scholar

23. ZhangXJ, TianJ, XuKC, GaoYC. Thermodynamic Evaluation of Phase Equilibria in NaNO3-KNO3 System. J Phase Equilib2003;5:441–6.10.1361/105497103770330091Search in Google Scholar

24. BenešO, KoningsRJM, WurzerS, SierigM, DockendorfA. A DSC study of the NaNO3-KNO3 system using an innovative encapsulation technique. Thermochim Acta2010;509:62–6.10.1016/j.tca.2010.06.003Search in Google Scholar

25. KleppaOJ. J Phys Chem1960;64:1937–40.10.1021/j100841a032Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-8-25
Accepted: 2014-11-3
Published Online: 2015-2-28
Published in Print: 2015-12-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  3. Effects of Yttrium Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ80–2Sn Magnesium Alloys
  4. Direct Reduction of Ferrous Oxides to form an Iron-Rich Alternative Charge Material
  5. Investigation of BaCO3 Powders Synthesized by Microwave Homogeneous Precipitation
  6. Research on the Influence of Technological Forging Parameters on the Quality of Biphasic Titanium Alloys
  7. High-Temperature Graphitization Failure of Primary Superheater Tube
  8. Metal Loss of Steam-Oxidized Alloys after Exposures at 675°C and 725°C for 500 Hours
  9. CVD Diamond Coating on Al-Interlayered FeCoNi Alloy Substrate: An Interfacial Study
  10. Kinetics Study on Reduction of CaWO4 by Si from 1423 K to 1523 K
  11. Effect of Boron and Titanium Addition on the Hot Ductility of Low-Carbon Nb-Containing Steel
  12. The Effects of Carbon Content on the Microstructure and 650°C Tensile Properties of Incoloy 901 Superalloy
  13. Ball Indentation Studies on the Effect of Nitrogen on the Tensile Properties of 316LN SS
  14. Effect of Ga Addition on Morphology and Recovery of Primary Si During Al–Si Alloy Solidification Refining
  15. Preparation and Thermal Properties of High-Purified Molten Nitrate Salt Materials with Heat Transfer and Storage
https://doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0147
Keywords for this article
solar energy materials; purification; thermal properties; Molten nitrate salts
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 3.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  3. Effects of Yttrium Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ80–2Sn Magnesium Alloys
  4. Direct Reduction of Ferrous Oxides to form an Iron-Rich Alternative Charge Material
  5. Investigation of BaCO3 Powders Synthesized by Microwave Homogeneous Precipitation
  6. Research on the Influence of Technological Forging Parameters on the Quality of Biphasic Titanium Alloys
  7. High-Temperature Graphitization Failure of Primary Superheater Tube
  8. Metal Loss of Steam-Oxidized Alloys after Exposures at 675°C and 725°C for 500 Hours
  9. CVD Diamond Coating on Al-Interlayered FeCoNi Alloy Substrate: An Interfacial Study
  10. Kinetics Study on Reduction of CaWO4 by Si from 1423 K to 1523 K
  11. Effect of Boron and Titanium Addition on the Hot Ductility of Low-Carbon Nb-Containing Steel
  12. The Effects of Carbon Content on the Microstructure and 650°C Tensile Properties of Incoloy 901 Superalloy
  13. Ball Indentation Studies on the Effect of Nitrogen on the Tensile Properties of 316LN SS
  14. Effect of Ga Addition on Morphology and Recovery of Primary Si During Al–Si Alloy Solidification Refining
  15. Preparation and Thermal Properties of High-Purified Molten Nitrate Salt Materials with Heat Transfer and Storage
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 27.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/htmp-2014-0147/html
Scroll to top button