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Dynamic phospho-modification of viral proteins as a crucial regulatory layer of influenza A virus replication and innate immune responses

  • Yvonne Boergeling ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Linda Brunotte ORCID logo and Stephan Ludwig ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: June 2, 2021

Abstract

Influenza viruses are small RNA viruses with a genome of about 13 kb. Because of this limited coding capacity, viral proteins have evolved to fulfil multiple functions in the infected cell. This implies that there must be mechanisms allowing to dynamically direct protein action to a distinct activity in a spatio-temporal manner. Furthermore, viruses exploit many cellular processes, which also have to be dynamically regulated during the viral replication cycle. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins are fundamental for the control of many cellular responses. There is accumulating evidence that this mechanism represents a so far underestimated level of regulation in influenza virus replication. Here, we focus on the current knowledge of dynamics of phospho-modifications in influenza virus replication and show recent examples of findings underlining the crucial role of phosphorylation in viral transport processes as well as activation and counteraction of the innate immune response.


Corresponding author: Yvonne Boergeling, Institute of Virology and Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany, E-mail:

This article is a contribution to the issue highlighting the 25th Anniversary of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF) Münster.


Funding source: Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF)

Award Identifier / Grant number: Bör2/030/21

Award Identifier / Grant number: Bru2/015/19

Award Identifier / Grant number: Lud2/013/21

Funding source: Innovative Medical Research (IMF)

Award Identifier / Grant number: BÖ-111811

Award Identifier / Grant number: BR111905

Funding source: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Award Identifier / Grant number: BR5189/3-1

Award Identifier / Grant number: BO5122/1-1

Award Identifier / Grant number: KFO 342 P06

Award Identifier / Grant number: Lu477/23-1

Award Identifier / Grant number: SFB1009 TPB02

Funding source: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung

Award Identifier / Grant number: Organo-Strat (01KX2021)

Award Identifier / Grant number: Co-IMMUNE (01KI20218)

Acknowledgements

This review is dedicated to the 90th birthday of Christoph Scholtissek, Giessen, Germany, who pioneered research on post-translational modification in influenza virus propagation.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: This work was supported by funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), grants KFO 342 P06 (to L.B. and S.L.), BR5189/3-1 (to L.B.), BO5122/1-1 (to Y.B.), Lu477/23-1 (to S.L.) and SFB1009 TPB02 (to Y.B. and S.L.). Further financial support was provided by the BMBF for the projects Organo-Strat (01KX2021) and Co-IMMUNE (01KI20218) (to L.B. and S.L.). We are grateful for funding from the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) granted to L.B. (Bru2/015/19), Y.B. (Bör2/030/21) and S.L. (Lud2/013/21) and the Innovative Medical Research (IMF) granted to L.B. (BR111905) and Y.B. (BÖ111811) of the Medical Faculty of the University Münster.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2021-04-27
Accepted: 2021-05-18
Published Online: 2021-06-02
Published in Print: 2021-11-25

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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