Intermittent vs. continuous swimming training on adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in metabolic syndrome experimental model

Shila Nayebifar; Hossein Nakhaei; Zohreh Borhani Kakhki; Elham Ghasemi

doi:10.1515/hmbci-2022-0004

Article

Intermittent vs. continuous swimming training on adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in metabolic syndrome experimental model

Shila Nayebifar , Hossein Nakhaei , Zohreh Borhani Kakhki and Elham Ghasemi

Published/Copyright: August 17, 2023

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From the journal Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation Volume 44 Issue 3

Abstract

Objectives

In this study, metabolic syndrome-affected rats were studied to examine how intermittent and continuous swimming training influenced adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Methods

Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomized in this experimental study into four groups (n=8), including normal control (NC), metabolic syndrome (MS), continuous swimming training with metabolic syndrome (CT-MS: load 0–3% body mass, 5 d/wk, for 8 weeks), and intermittent swimming training with metabolic syndrome (IT-MS: load 5–16% body mass, 5 d/wk, for 8 weeks). The serum levels of metrnl, adipolin, irisin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured using the ELISA test.

Results

The IT-MS and NC groups exhibited significantly lower leptin concentrations than the CT-MS group (p=0.001). The irisin, meteorin, and adipolin serum levels increased significantly in CT-MS and IT relative to the NC and CT-MS groups (p=0.001), with the changes being more pronounced in the IT group (p=0.05). TNF-α and IL-6 were inclined in the CT-MS group compared with the other three groups (p=0.001), while IL-6 was increased in the IT group (p=0.024).

Conclusions

Intermittent swimming is more effective than continuous swimming training in improving adipokines in rats with metabolic syndrome.

Keywords: adipokines; continuous training; intermittent training; metabolic syndrome; pro-inflammatory cytokines

Corresponding author: Dr. Hossein Nakhaei, Department of Physical Education, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, E-mail: h.nakhaei@zaums.ac.ir

Funding source: Zahedan University of Medical Sciences

Award Identifier / Grant number: Unassigned

Acknowledgments

We appreciate Zahedan University of Medical Sciences for allowing us to conduct this research.

Research funding: The research team covered the costs of the study; there was no external funding.
Author contributions: SHN contributed to the conception of the work, the execution of the study, the revision and final approval of the manuscript, and agreed to all assignment data aspects. HN participated in conducting the study, revising the initial draft, approving the final version of the manuscript, and approving all assignment data aspects. ZB and EG revised the draft, approved the final version of the manuscript, and agreed on all aspects of the assignment data. The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors.
Competing interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare.
Informed consent: Our manuscript contains no human data as it was performed on rats.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: In this study, all ethical concerns were respected. Additionally, the ethics committee of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (Iran) approved the study protocol (IR.ZAUMS.REC.1397.2020).
Availability of data and materials: The data would be available on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-01-06

Accepted: 2023-01-23

Published Online: 2023-08-17

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2022-0004

Keywords for this article

adipokines; continuous training; intermittent training; metabolic syndrome; pro-inflammatory cytokines