Implantable F-shaped antenna with 93.32 Mbps speed for Intra-body communications
-
Dipika Sagne
und
Rashmi A. Pandhare
Abstract
The on-body and implanted antenna’s communication is examined in this work. Short-range communication occurs within the human body during this kind of communication, which is sometimes referred to as intra-body communication (IBC). With on-body antenna compatibility, an implantable F-shaped antenna is made for intra-body communication. The effectiveness of the antenna was assessed using SAR analysis, radiation properties, reflection coefficient, and biocompatibility. A correlation between the transmitted signal from the implanted antenna and the received signal from the on-body antenna is determined, together with the intra-body communication fidelity factor and group latency. Furthermore, the link margin is established, and the implantable antenna allows high-speed data transfer at 93.32 Mbps with a 40 cm distance and a link margin of 20 dB between the implantable antenna and wearable antenna. With a gain of −24.8 dBi, the muscle layer’s impedance bandwidth is 24.7 % (2.31–2.79 GHz). In order to account for health concerns, the specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined. The outcome fell between the IEEE and the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection’s standard bounds (ICNRP). A human body phantom made with skin-mimicking gel was used to test the suggested antenna. There was a strong correlation between the simulated and measured data.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Defense Institute of Technology, Pune (DIAT, Pune) for providing the characterization and measurement facilities.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Informed consent: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: Not applicable.
References
[1] Gao, M., Sipus, Z., and Skrivervik, A. K., “Analytic approximation of in-body path loss for implanted antennas,” IEEE Open J. Antenn. Propag., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 537–545, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJAP.2023.3276686.Suche in Google Scholar
[2] D. Jing, H. Li, X. Ding, W. Shao, and S. Xiao, “Compact and broadband circularly polarized implantable antenna for wireless implantable medical devices,” IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1236–1240, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2023.3237558.Suche in Google Scholar
[3] Zaki, A., Hamad, E. K., Abouelnaga, T. G., Elsadek, H. A., Khaleel, S. A, Al-Gburi, A. J. A, et al.., “Design and modeling of ultra-compact wideband implantable antenna for wireless ISM band,” Bioengineering, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 216, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020216.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[4] Chiao, J. -C., Li Rosen H, C., Lin, J., Caverly, R. H., Hwang, J. C., Rosen, H., et al.., “Applications of microwaves in medicine,” IEEE J. Microw., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 134–169, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2022.3223301.Suche in Google Scholar
[5] Rangaiah, P. K. B., Engstrand, J., Johansson, T., Perez, M. D., and Augustine, R., “92Mb/s fat-intrabody communication (Fat-IBC) with low-cost WLAN hardware,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2023.3292405.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[6] Soliman, M. M., Chowdhury, M. E., Khandakar, A., Islam, M. T., Qiblawey, Y., Musharavati, F. F., et al.., “Review on medical implantable antenna technology and imminent research challenges,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 9, p. 3163, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093163.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[7] M. S. Islam, S. M. Kayser Azam, A. K. M. Zakir Hossain, M. I. Ibrahimy, and S. M. A. Motakabber, “A low-profile flexible planar monopole antenna for biomedical applications,” Eng. Sci. Technol., Int. J., vol. 35, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2022.101112.Suche in Google Scholar
[8] Zhang, J., Das, R., Hoare, D., Wang, H., Ofiare, A., Mirzai, N., et al.., “A compact dual-band implantable antenna for wireless biotelemetry in arteriovenous grafts,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 4759–4771, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2023.3266786.Suche in Google Scholar
[9] Ahmad, S., Manzoor, B., Paracha, K. N., Haider, S., Liaqat, M., Al-Gburi, A. J. A, et al.., “A wideband bear-shaped compact size implantable antenna for in-body communications,” Appl. Sci. (Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 6, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12062859.Suche in Google Scholar
[10] Abbas, N., Ullah, S., Bashir, Z., Basir, A., and Yoo, H., “Design and measurement of a minuscule-sized implantable antenna for brain–machine interfaces,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 77980–77989, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3298221.Suche in Google Scholar
[11] J. Wang, M. Leach, E. G. Lim, Z. Wang, R. Pei, and Y. Huang, “An implantable and conformal antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy,” IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1153–1157, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2018.2836392.Suche in Google Scholar
[12] Y. Zhang, C. Liu, X. Liu, K. Zhang, and X. Yang, “A wideband circularly polarized implantable antenna for 915 MHz ISM-band biotelemetry devices,” IEEE Anten. Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1473–1477, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2018.2849847.Suche in Google Scholar
[13] Xiao, S., Liu, C., Li, Y., Yang, X. M., and Liu, X., “Small-size dual-antenna implantable system for biotelemetry devices,” IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1723–1726, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2016.2528987.Suche in Google Scholar
[14] S. Ashok Kumar and T. Shanmuganantham, “Coplanar waveguide-fed ISM band implantable crossed-type triangular slot antenna for biomedical applications,” Int. J. Microw. Wirel. Technol., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 167–172, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1759078713000883.Suche in Google Scholar
[15] Zulkefli, M. S., Zhang, K., Sarestoniemi, M., Myllymäki, S., Whittow, W. G., Yan, S., et al.., “Experimental wireless link and SAR assessments of an implantable PIFA for biotelemetry in the 2.45 GHz band,” IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 281–289, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/JERM.2023.3294707.Suche in Google Scholar
[16] S. A. Kumar and T. Shanmuganantham, “Implantable CPW‐fed rectangular patch antenna for ISM band biomedical applications,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1060–1065, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.28262.Suche in Google Scholar
[17] T. Karacolak, A. Z. Hood, and E. Topsakal, “Design of a dual-band implantable antenna and development of skin mimicking gels for continuous glucose monitoring,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theor. Tech, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1001–1008, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2008.919373.Suche in Google Scholar
[18] A. Alsaraira, O. A. Saraereh, A. Ali, and S. Alabed, “Design of LoRa antenna for wearable medical applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 23886–23895, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3254916.Suche in Google Scholar
[19] A. Basir, M. Zada, Y. Cho, and H. Yoo, “A dual-circular-polarized endoscopic antenna with wideband characteristics and wireless biotelemetric link characterization,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 6953–6963, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2020.2998874.Suche in Google Scholar
[20] S. Ashok Kumar and T. Shanmuganantham, “Analysis and design of implantable Z‐monopole antennas at 2.45 Ghz ISM band for biomedical applications,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 468–473, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.28870.Suche in Google Scholar
[21] A. B. Dey, S. Kumar, W. Arif, and J. Anguera, “Elastomeric textile substrates to design a compact, low-profile AMC-based antenna for medical and IoT applications,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 4952–4969, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2022.3221360.Suche in Google Scholar
[22] D. G. F. B. C. N. E. L. B. G. M. P. D. K. A. K. N. Hasgall PA, “IT’IS Database for thermal and electromagnetic parameters of biological tissues,”. https://itis.swiss/virtual-population/tissue-properties/overview/.Suche in Google Scholar
[23] Balani, W., Sarvagya, M., Ali, T., MM, M. P., Anguera, J., Andujar, A., et al.., “Design techniques of super-wideband antenna–existing and future prospective,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 141241–141257, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2943655.Suche in Google Scholar
[24] W. Balani, M. Sarvagya, A. Samasgikar, T. Ali, and P. Kumar, “Design and analysis of super wideband antenna for microwave applications,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 477, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020477.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[25] R. B. Shiban Kishen Koul, “Wearable antennas and body centric communication present and future,” Lect. Notes Electr. Eng., vol. 787, 2021.Suche in Google Scholar
[26] X.-Q. Zhu, Y.-X. Guo, and W. Wu, “Miniaturized dual-band and dual-polarized antenna for MBAN applications,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 2805–2814, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2016.2556701.Suche in Google Scholar
[27] L.-J. Xu, L. Zhu, and M. Liang, “Impedance matching at skin–air interface for transmission-range improvement of implantable antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 2235–2246, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2023.3234180.Suche in Google Scholar
[28] M. H. B. Ucar and E. Uras, “A compact modified two-arm rectangular spiral implantable antenna design for ISM band biosensing applications,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 10, p. 4883, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104883.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[29] Bahrouni, M., Houzet, G., Vuong, T. P., Mendes, P. M., Dinis, H., Silva, R., et al.., “Modeling of a compact, implantable, dual-band antenna for biomedical applications,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1475, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061475.Suche in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2024-0151).
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Accurate channel estimation of on-grid partially coherent compressive phase retrieval for mmWave massive MIMO systems
- Bandwidth enhancement of resonating absorber using a lossy dielectric layer for RCS reduction in X-band
- Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime
- Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications
- Broadband metasurface-based reflective polarization converter
- Using one-dimensional thinned antenna arrays to form a two-dimensional MIMO antenna array
- Dual-resonance dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and IoT applications
- Implantable F-shaped antenna with 93.32 Mbps speed for Intra-body communications
- Frequency and pattern reconfigurable arrow shape patch antenna with a PIN diode
- Data driven modeling for linearization of particle accelerator RF power source
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Accurate channel estimation of on-grid partially coherent compressive phase retrieval for mmWave massive MIMO systems
- Bandwidth enhancement of resonating absorber using a lossy dielectric layer for RCS reduction in X-band
- Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime
- Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications
- Broadband metasurface-based reflective polarization converter
- Using one-dimensional thinned antenna arrays to form a two-dimensional MIMO antenna array
- Dual-resonance dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and IoT applications
- Implantable F-shaped antenna with 93.32 Mbps speed for Intra-body communications
- Frequency and pattern reconfigurable arrow shape patch antenna with a PIN diode
- Data driven modeling for linearization of particle accelerator RF power source
