Home Technology Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime

  • Muhammad Hani Mazaheri EMAIL logo , Husnul Maab and Arbab Abdur Rahim
Published/Copyright: February 24, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Frequenz
From the journal Frequenz Volume 79 Issue 5-6

Abstract

This paper proposes a tunable dual-band polarization-sensitive absorber that displays two distinct absorptance peaks for two different polarized incident lights. The proposed absorber uses graphene as the material for the metasurface to utilize its tunable surface conductivity for achieving a tunable resonant frequency. The tunable absorber displayed two distinct absorption peaks for two separately polarized incident waves. For x-polarized incident light, the proposed absorber displayed perfect absorptance for a tunable bandwidth of 3 THz between 2.85 THz and 5.85 THz, and for y-polarized incident light, the proposed absorber displayed perfect absorptance for a tunable bandwidth of 1.5 THz between 11 THz and 12.5 THz. Numerical computations were performed with extremely fine mesh quality to study the absorptance spectrum of the proposed absorber for different Fermi energy levels, incident angles, and azimuthal angle of incidence. The proposed absorber displays appreciative characteristics which makes it a suitable candidate for energy harvesting, polarization detection, and polarization conversion of unpolarized light.

Keywords: metamaterial; polarization-sensitive; dual-band; tunable; graphene; absorber
Corresponding author: Muhammad Hani Mazaheri, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, KPK, Pakistan, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

[1] L. Meng, D. Zhao, Q. Li, and M. Qiu, “Polarization-sensitive perfect absorbers at near-infrared wavelengths,” Opt. Express, vol. 21, no. 101, pp. A111–A122, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.00a111.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[2] N. I. Zheludev, “The road ahead for metamaterials,” Science, vol. 328, no. 5978, pp. 582–583, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186756.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] N. Seddon and T. Bearpark, “Observation of the inverse Doppler effect,” Science, vol. 302, no. 5650, pp. 1537–1540, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089342.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[4] D. R. Smith, J. B. Pendry, and M. C. Wiltshire, “Metamaterials and negative refractive index,” science, vol. 305, no. 5685, pp. 788–792, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1096796.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] D. Schurig, et al.., “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies,” Science, vol. 314, no. 5801, pp. 977–980, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133628.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[6] J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, no. 18, p. 3966, 2000, https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.85.3966.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] V. M. Shalaev, “Optical negative-index metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 41–48, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2006.49.Search in Google Scholar

[8] T. Driscoll, et al.., “Memory metamaterials,” Science, vol. 325, no. 5947, pp. 1518–1521, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176580.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] N. Liu, H. Guo, L. Fu, S. Kaiser, H. Schweizer, and H. Giessen, “Three-dimensional photonic metamaterials at optical frequencies,” Nat. Mater., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 31–37, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2072.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] P. Tuong, et al.., “Multi-plasmon-induced perfect absorption at the third resonance in metamaterials,” J. Opt., vol. 17, no. 12, p. 125101, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/17/12/125101.Search in Google Scholar

[11] D. B. Burckel, et al.., “Micrometer-scale cubic unit cell 3d metamaterial layers,” Adv. Mater., vol. 44, no. 22, pp. 5053–5057, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201002429.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Z. Xu, C. Ni, Y. Cheng, L. Dong, and L. Wu, “Photo-excited metasurface for tunable terahertz reflective circular polarization conversion and anomalous beam deflection at two frequencies independently,” Nanomaterials, vol. 13, no. 12, p. 1846, 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121846.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] D. Yang, Y. Cheng, F. Chen, H. Luo, and L. Wu, “Efficiency tunable broadband terahertz graphene metasurface for circular polarization anomalous reflection and plane focusing effect,” Diam. Relat. Mater., vol. 131, p. 109605, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.109605.Search in Google Scholar

[14] X. Chen, et al.., “All-dielectric metasurface-based beam splitter with arbitrary splitting ratio,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 1137, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11051137.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] J. Li, Y. Cheng, and X. Li, “Terahertz transmission-type metasurface for the linear and circular polarization wavefront manipulation,” Adv. Theor. Simulations, vol. 5, no. 8, p. 2200151, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.202200151.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Y. Cheng, R. Xing, F. Chen, H. Luo, A. A. Fathnan, and H. Wakatsuchi, “Terahertz pseudo-waveform-selective metasurface absorber based on a square-patch structure loaded with linear circuit components,” Adv. Photon. Res., vol. 5, no. 8, p. 2300303, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202300303.Search in Google Scholar

[17] D. Wang, et al.., “Transmission/reflection mode switchable ultra-broadband terahertz vanadium dioxide (vo2) metasurface filter for electromagnetic shielding application,” Surf. Interfaces, vol. 49, p. 104403, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2024.104403.Search in Google Scholar

[18] B. Cai, L. Yang, L. Wu, Y. Cheng, and X. Li, “Dual-narrowband terahertz metamaterial absorber based on all-metal vertical ring array for enhanced sensing application,” Phys. Scr., vol. 99, no. 9, p. 095503, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad65c3.Search in Google Scholar

[19] M. H. Mazaheri, H. Maab, and A. A. Rahim, “Graphene-based metamaterial absorber for energy harvesting in the terahertz range,” J. Opt., pp. 1–11, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-024-01685-5.Search in Google Scholar

[20] J. Chen, et al.., “Reduction of radar cross section based on a metasurface,” Prog. Electromagn. Res., vol. 146, pp. 71–76, 2014, https://doi.org/10.2528/pier14022606.Search in Google Scholar

[21] B. Cai, L. Wu, X. Zhu, Z. Cheng, and Y. Cheng, “Ultra-broadband and wide-angle plasmonic light absorber based on all-dielectric gallium arsenide (gaas) metasurface in visible and near-infrared region,” Results Phys., vol. 58, p. 107509, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2024.107509.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Y. Cheng, C. Rong, J. Li, F. Chen, H. Luo, and X. Li, “Dual-band terahertz reflective-mode metasurface for the wavefront manipulation of independent linear and circular polarization waves,” JOSA B, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 341–350, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.507437.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Z. Huang, et al.., “High-resolution metalens imaging polarimetry,” Nano Lett., vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 10 991–10 997, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03258.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Q. Wang and L. Zhang, “Tunable narrow terahertz absorption of one-dimensional photonic crystals embedded with Dirac semimetal-dielectric defect layers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 58, no. 31, pp. 8486–8494, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.58.008486.Search in Google Scholar

[25] X. Chen and W. Fan, “Ultra-flexible polarization-insensitive multiband terahertz metamaterial absorber,” Appl. Opt., vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 2376–2382, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.002376.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[26] X. Shen, T. J. Cui, J. Zhao, H. F. Ma, W. X. Jiang, and H. Li, “Polarization-independent wide-angle triple-band metamaterial absorber,” Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 9401–9407, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.009401.Search in Google Scholar

[27] J. Luo, Q. Lin, L. Wang, S. Xia, H. Meng, and X. Zhai, “Ultrasensitive tunable terahertz sensor based on five-band perfect absorber with Dirac semimetal,” Opt. Express, vol. 27, no. 15, pp. 20 165–20 176, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.020165.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] H. Liu, Z.-H. Wang, L. Li, Y.-X. Fan, and Z.-Y. Tao, “Vanadium dioxide-assisted broadband tunable terahertz metamaterial absorber,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 5751, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42293-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[29] J. Huang, et al.., “Active controllable dual broadband terahertz absorber based on hybrid metamaterials with vanadium dioxide,” Opt. Express, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 7018–7027, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.387156.Search in Google Scholar

[30] X. Li, et al.., “Switchable multifunctional terahertz metasurfaces employing vanadium dioxide,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 5454, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41915-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] S. Yin, et al.., “High-performance terahertz wave absorbers made of silicon-based metamaterials,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 107, no. 7, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4929151.Search in Google Scholar

[32] X. Zhao, et al.., “Optically modulated ultra-broadband all-silicon metamaterial terahertz absorbers,” Acs Photonics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 830–837, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01644.Search in Google Scholar

[33] X. Shang, et al.., “Graphene-enabled reconfigurable terahertz wavefront modulator based on complete fermi level modulated phase,” New J. Phys., vol. 22, no. 6, p. 063054, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab9428.Search in Google Scholar

[34] A. N. Grigorenko, M. Polini, and K. S. Novoselov, “Graphene plasmonics,” Nat. Photonics, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 749–758, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.262.Search in Google Scholar

[35] P. Ding, Y. Li, L. Shao, X. Tian, J. Wang, and C. Fan, “Graphene aperture-based metalens for dynamic focusing of terahertz waves,” Opt. Express, vol. 26, no. 21, pp. 28 038–28 050, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.028038.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Z. Li, K. Yao, F. Xia, S. Shen, J. Tian, and Y. Liu, “Graphene plasmonic metasurfaces to steer infrared light,” Sci. Rep., vol. 5, no. 1, p. 12423, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12423.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Y. Zhang, et al.., “Independently tunable dual-band perfect absorber based on graphene at mid-infrared frequencies,” Sci. Rep., vol. 5, no. 1, p. 18463, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18463.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Mazaheri, M. H., Maab, H., Rahim, A. A., and Adeel, M., “2-bit binary encoded plasmonic wire grating metasurface for absorption enhancement of kesterite solar cells,” in 2024 7th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE), Lahore, IEEE, 2024, pp. 1–5.10.1109/ICECE61222.2024.10505287Search in Google Scholar

[39] V. S. Chaudhary and D. Kumar, “Topas based porous core photonic crystal fiber for terahertz chemical sensor,” Optik, vol. 223, p. 165562, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165562.Search in Google Scholar

[40] K. Nielsen, H. K. Rasmussen, A. J. Adam, P. C. Planken, O. Bang, and P. U. Jepsen, “Bendable, low-loss topas fibers for the terahertz frequency range,” Opt. Express, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 8592–8601, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.008592.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[41] B. N. Chandrashekar, et al.., “A universal stamping method of graphene transfer for conducting flexible and transparent polymers,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 3999, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40408-w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[42] W.-G. Yeo, N. K. Nahar, and K. Sertel, “Far-ir multiband dual-polarization perfect absorber for wide incident angles,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 632–636, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.27387.Search in Google Scholar

[43] Mazaheri, M. H., Maab, H., and Rahim, A. A., “Parametric variation for absorption optimization of circular ring graphene based tunable metamaterial absorber,” in 2023 18th International Conference on Emerging Technologies (ICET), Peshawar, IEEE, 2023, pp. 207–212.10.1109/ICET59753.2023.10374689Search in Google Scholar

[44] G. W. Hanson, “Dyadic green’s functions for an anisotropic, non-local model of biased graphene,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 747–757, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2008.917005.Search in Google Scholar

[45] I. Llatser, C. Kremers, A. Cabellos-Aparicio, J. M. Jornet, E. Alarcón, and D. N. Chigrin, “Graphene-based nano-patch antenna for terahertz radiation,” Photon. Nanostruct: Fundam. Appl., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 353–358, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2012.05.011.Search in Google Scholar

[46] V. Gusynin, S. Sharapov, and J. Carbotte, “Magneto-optical conductivity in graphene,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 026222, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/2/026222.Search in Google Scholar

[47] V. Gusynin, S. Sharapov, and J. Carbotte, “Sum rules for the optical and hall conductivity in graphene,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 75, no. 16, p. 165407, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.75.165407.Search in Google Scholar

[48] S. E. Hosseininejad, N. Komjani, and M. T. Noghani, “A comparison of graphene and noble metals as conductors for plasmonic one-dimensional waveguides,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 829–836, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2015.2449903.Search in Google Scholar

[49] B. Xiao, Y. Zhang, S. Tong, J. Yu, and L. Xiao, “Novel tunable graphene-encoded metasurfaces on an uneven substrate for beam-steering in far-field at the terahertz frequencies,” Opt. Express, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 7125–7138, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.386697.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[50] B. Vasić and R. Gajić, “Graphene induced spectral tuning of metamaterial absorbers at mid-infrared frequencies,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 103, no. 26, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4858459.Search in Google Scholar

[51] Y. Q. Ye, Y. Jin, and S. He, “Omnidirectional, polarization-insensitive and broadband thin absorber in the terahertz regime,” JOSA B, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 498–504, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.27.000498.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-08-07
Accepted: 2025-02-10
Published Online: 2025-02-24
Published in Print: 2025-06-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Accurate channel estimation of on-grid partially coherent compressive phase retrieval for mmWave massive MIMO systems
  3. Bandwidth enhancement of resonating absorber using a lossy dielectric layer for RCS reduction in X-band
  4. Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime
  5. Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications
  6. Broadband metasurface-based reflective polarization converter
  7. Using one-dimensional thinned antenna arrays to form a two-dimensional MIMO antenna array
  8. Dual-resonance dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and IoT applications
  9. Implantable F-shaped antenna with 93.32 Mbps speed for Intra-body communications
  10. Frequency and pattern reconfigurable arrow shape patch antenna with a PIN diode
  11. Data driven modeling for linearization of particle accelerator RF power source
https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2024-0253
Keywords for this article
metamaterial; polarization-sensitive; dual-band; tunable; graphene; absorber

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Accurate channel estimation of on-grid partially coherent compressive phase retrieval for mmWave massive MIMO systems
  3. Bandwidth enhancement of resonating absorber using a lossy dielectric layer for RCS reduction in X-band
  4. Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime
  5. Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications
  6. Broadband metasurface-based reflective polarization converter
  7. Using one-dimensional thinned antenna arrays to form a two-dimensional MIMO antenna array
  8. Dual-resonance dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and IoT applications
  9. Implantable F-shaped antenna with 93.32 Mbps speed for Intra-body communications
  10. Frequency and pattern reconfigurable arrow shape patch antenna with a PIN diode
  11. Data driven modeling for linearization of particle accelerator RF power source
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 31.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/freq-2024-0253/html
Scroll to top button