Startseite Technik Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications

  • Manpreet Kaur , Hari Shankar Singh ORCID logo EMAIL logo und Mayank Agarwal
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 18. März 2025
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
Frequenz
Aus der Zeitschrift Frequenz Band 79 Heft 5-6

Abstract

This paper presents a compact broadband absorber designed for sensing applications at terahertz frequencies. The proposed design includes a dielectric material, a metallic ground plane made of copper, and a graphene-based elliptical slot-loading rectangular resonator. The unit cell of the proposed absorber measures dimensions of 6 μm × 6 μm. The proposed absorber demonstrates remarkable absorption characteristics, with over 90 % absorption across a wide frequency spectrum of 0–18 THz. At 12.2 THz, the absorption performance is nearly perfect, with an absorption rate of 99.9 %. Further, the proposed absorber has a symmetric design, facilitating it to be insensitive to polarization. It possesses stable characteristics for both Transverse-Electric (TE) and Transverse-Magnetic (TM) waves for the incidence angle (θ) ≥ 40°. Additionally, the performance of the suggested absorber is analysed with regard to the effects of various analyte materials as well as modifications in the graphene characteristics. This graphene-based absorber outperforms previously reported THz absorbers in terms of relative bandwidth, absorption peak, oblique stability, and overall volume.

Keywords: analyte materials; broadband absorber; graphene; sensing application; terahertz frequencies
Corresponding author: Hari Shankar Singh, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India (File No. CRG/2022/001256) for providing financial assistance to carry out this work.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission

  3. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  4. Conflict of interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  5. Research funding: Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Government of India (File No. CRG/2022/001256).

  6. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  7. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

References

[1] Cheng, Y., Rong, C., Li, J., Chen, F., Luo, H., and Li, X., “Dual-band terahertz reflective-mode metasurface for the wavefront manipulation of independent linear and circular polarization waves,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 341–350, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.507437.Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Pawar, A. Y., Sonawane, D. D., Erande, K. B., and Derle, D. V., “Terahertz technology and its applications,” Drug Invent. Today, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 157–163, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dit.2013.03.009.Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Huang, L. and Chen, H. T., “A brief review on terahertz metamaterial perfect absorbers,” Terahertz Sci. Technol., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 26–39, 2013. https://doi.org/10.11906/TST.026-039.2013.03.02.Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Son, J. H., “Terahertz electromagnetic interactions with biological matter and their applications,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 105, no. 10, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3116140.Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Lu, X., Ge, H., Jiang, Y., and Zhang, Y., “A dual-band high-sensitivity THz metamaterial sensor based on split metal stacking ring,” Biosensors, vol. 12, no. 7, p. 471, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070471.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Veeraselvam, A., Mohammed, G. N. A., Savarimuthu, K., Anguera, J., Paul, J. C., and Krishnan, R. K., “Refractive index-based terahertz sensor using graphene for material characterization,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 23, p. 8151, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238151.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Liu, J., Fan, L., Ku, J., and Mao, L., “Absorber: a novel terahertz sensor in the application of substance identification,” Opt. Quan. Electron, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 1–8, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-015-0361-5.Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Cheng, Y., Xing, R., Chen, F., Luo, H., Fathnan, A. A., and Wakatsuchi, H., “Terahertz pseudo-waveform-selective metasurface absorber based on a square-patch structure loaded with linear circuit components,” Adv. Photon. Res., vol. 5, no. 8, p. 2300303, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202300303.Suche in Google Scholar

[9] H. Yiqing, et al., “Tunable VO2 metasurface for reflective terahertz linear and circular polarization wavefront manipulation at two frequencies independently,” Phys. B Condens. Matter, vol. 681, p. 415848, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2024.415848.Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Huang, Z., et al.., “High-resolution metalens imaging polarimetry,” Nano Lett., vol. 23, no. 23, pp. 10991–10997, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03258.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Deng, M., et al.., “Broadband angular spectrum differentiation using dielectric metasurfaces,” Nat. Commun., vol. 15, no. 1, p. 2237, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46537-9.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[12] Y. Sun, et al., “High-gain dual-polarization microstrip antenna based on transmission focusing metasurface,” Materials, vol. 17, no. 15, p. 3730, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153730.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Smith, D. R., Padilla, W. J., Vier, D. C., Nemat-Nasser, S. C., and Schultz, S., “Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 18, pp. 4184–4187, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] M. R. Nickpay, M. Danaie, and A. Shahzadi, “Highly sensitive THz refractive index sensor based on folded split-ring metamaterial graphene resonators,” Plasmonics, pp. 1–12, 2022, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-388749/v1.Suche in Google Scholar

[15] B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2000.10.1002/0471723770Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Cai, B., Yang, L., Wu, L., Cheng, Y., and Li, X., “Dual-narrowband terahertz metamaterial absorber based on all-metal vertical ring array for enhanced sensing application,” Phys. Scripta, vol. 99, no. 9, p. 095503, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad65c3.Suche in Google Scholar

[17] Kaur, M. and Singh, H. S., “Design and analysis of a compact ultrathin polarization- and incident angle-independent triple band metamaterial absorber,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1920–1929, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32264.Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Feng, S., et al.., “Tri-band terahertz metamaterial absorber based on structural Ti3C2Tx MXene for enhanced sensing application,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 24, no. 18, pp. 28889–28896, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2024.3435731.Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Landy, N. I., Sajuyigbe, S., Mock, J. J., Smith, D. R., and Padilla, W. J., “Perfect metamaterial absorber,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 100, no. 20, p. 207402, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.207402.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Kaur, M. and Singh, H. S., “Analysis of quad-band polarization- and incident-angle independent low profile metamaterial absorber,” Frequenz, vol. 77, no. 5, p. 235, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2022-0059.Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Kaur, M. and Singh, H. S., “Experimental verification of super-compact ultra-wideband (UWB) polarization and incident angle-independent metamaterial absorber,” Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 789–799, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1759078720001300.Suche in Google Scholar

[22] W. Yang, et al., “Efficiency tunable terahertz graphene metasurfaces for reflective single/dual-focusing effects based on Pancharatnam-Berry phase,” Results Phys., vol. 65, p. 108003, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2024.108003.Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Meng, H. Y., Wang, L. L., Zhai, X., Liu, G. D., and Xia, S. X., “A simple design of a multiband terahertz metamaterial absorber based on periodic square metallic layer with T-shaped gap,” Plasmonics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 269–274, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-017-0509-1.Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Xu, K. D., Li, J., Zhang, A., and Chen, Q., “Tunable multi-band terahertz absorber using a single-layer square graphene ring structure with T-shaped graphene strips,” Opt. Express, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 11482–11492, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.390835.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Gong, C., et al.., “Broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber based on sectional asymmetric structures,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32466.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Pan, W., Yu, X., Zhang, J., and Zeng, W., “A broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber based on two circular split rings,” IEEE J. Quan. Electron., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2016.2643279.Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Varshney, G., “Wideband THz absorber: by merging the resonance of dielectric cavity and graphite disk resonator,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1635–1643, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.3017454.Suche in Google Scholar

[28] S. Biabanifard, M. Biabanifard, S. Asgari, S. Asadi, and M. C. E. Yagub, “Tunable ultra-wideband terahertz absorber based on graphene disks and ribbons,” Opt. Commun., vol. 427, pp. 418–425, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.07.008.Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Ghosh, S. K., Yadav, V. S., Das, S., and Bhattacharyya, S., “Tunable graphene-based metasurface for polarization-independent broadband absorption in lower mid-infrared (MIR) range,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn C., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 346–354, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2019.2900757.Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Y. Cheng, H. Zhao, and C. Li, “Broadband tunable terahertz metasurface absorber based on complementary-wheel-shaped graphene,” Opt. Mater., vol. 109, p. 110369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110369.Suche in Google Scholar

[31] Zhang, M. and Song, Z., “Switchable terahertz metamaterial absorber with broadband absorption and multiband absorption,” Opt. Express, vol. 29, no. 14, pp. 21551–21561, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.432967.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[32] Liao, S., Sui, J., and Zhang, H., “Switchable ultra-broadband absorption and polarization conversion metastructure controlled by light,” Opt. Express, vol. 30, no. 19, pp. 34172–34187, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.472336.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[33] Ye, L., et al.., “Broadband absorber with periodically sinusoidally-patterned graphene layer in terahertz range,” Opt. Express, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 11223–11232, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.011223.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Wang, B. X., Tang, C., Niu, Q., He, Y., and Chen, R., “A broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber enabled by the simple design of a rectangular shaped resonator with an elongated slot,” Nanoscale Adv., vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 3621–3625, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00385A.Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Wang, B. X., Zhai, X., Wang, G., Huang, W., and Wang, L., “Design of a four-band and polarization-insensitive terahertz metamaterial absorber,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2014.2381633.Suche in Google Scholar

[36] M. Moniruzzaman, M. T. Islam, G. Muhammad, M. S. J. Singh, and M. Samsuzzaman, “Quad band metamaterial absorber based on asymmetric circular split ring resonator for multiband microwave applications,” Results Phys., vol. 19, p. 103467, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103467.Suche in Google Scholar

[37] Gandhi, C., Babu, P. R., and Senthilnathan, K., “Ultra-thin polarization independent broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber,” Front. Optoelectron., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 288–297, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-021-1223-3.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] A. Norouzi-Razani and P. Rezaei, “Broadband polarization insensitive and tunable terahertz metamaterial perfect absorber based on the graphene disk and square ribbon,” Micro Nanostruct., vol. 163, p. 107153, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2022.107153.Suche in Google Scholar

[39] M. R. Nickpay, M. Danaie, and A. Shahzadi, “A wideband and polarization-insensitive graphene-based metamaterial absorber,” Superlattice. Microst., vol. 150, p. 106786, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2020.106786.Suche in Google Scholar

[40] Rezagholizadeh, E., Biabanifard, M., and Borzooei, S., “Analytical design of tunable THz refractive index sensor for TE and TM modes using graphene disks,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., vol. 53, no. 29, p. 295107, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab85e6.Suche in Google Scholar

[41] Guo, S., Hu, C., and Zhang, H., “Unidirectional ultrabroadband and wide-angle absorption in graphene-embedded photonic crystals with the cascading structure comprising the octonacci sequence,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 2678–2687, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.399048.Suche in Google Scholar

[42] Zheng, Z., et al.., “Thermal tuning of terahertz metamaterial absorber properties based on VO2,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 24, no. 15, pp. 8846–8853, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP01070D.Suche in Google Scholar

[43] Huang, X., Cao, M., Wang, D., Li, X., Fan, J., and Li, X., ““Broadband polarization-insensitive and oblique-incidence terahertz metamaterial absorber with multi-layered graphene,” Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 811–822, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.451450.Suche in Google Scholar

[44] Lin, L., et al.., “Tuning chemical potential difference across alternately doped graphene p–n junctions for high-efficiency photodetection,” Nano Lett., vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 4094–4101, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00803.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Peng, Z., Chen, X., Fan, Y., Srolovitz, D. J., and Lei, D., “Strain engineering of 2D semiconductors and graphene: from strain fields to band-structure tuning and photonic applications,” Light Sci. Appl., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 190, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-00421-5.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[46] Ceballos, F. and Zhao, H., “Ultrafast laser spectroscopy of two-dimensional materials beyond graphene,” Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 27, no. 19, p. 1604509, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201604509.Suche in Google Scholar

[47] Guo, N., Yam, K. M., and Zhang, C., “Substrate engineering of graphene reactivity: towards high-performance graphene-based catalysts,” npj 2D Mater. Appl., vol. 2, p. 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-017-0046-y.Suche in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-09-27
Accepted: 2025-02-19
Published Online: 2025-03-18
Published in Print: 2025-06-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Accurate channel estimation of on-grid partially coherent compressive phase retrieval for mmWave massive MIMO systems
  3. Bandwidth enhancement of resonating absorber using a lossy dielectric layer for RCS reduction in X-band
  4. Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime
  5. Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications
  6. Broadband metasurface-based reflective polarization converter
  7. Using one-dimensional thinned antenna arrays to form a two-dimensional MIMO antenna array
  8. Dual-resonance dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and IoT applications
  9. Implantable F-shaped antenna with 93.32 Mbps speed for Intra-body communications
  10. Frequency and pattern reconfigurable arrow shape patch antenna with a PIN diode
  11. Data driven modeling for linearization of particle accelerator RF power source
https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2024-0303
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
analyte materials; broadband absorber; graphene; sensing application; terahertz frequencies

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Accurate channel estimation of on-grid partially coherent compressive phase retrieval for mmWave massive MIMO systems
  3. Bandwidth enhancement of resonating absorber using a lossy dielectric layer for RCS reduction in X-band
  4. Graphene-based tunable dual-band polarization sensitive absorber for applications in the terahertz regime
  5. Graphene-based compact polarization-insensitive broadband terahertz absorber for sensing applications
  6. Broadband metasurface-based reflective polarization converter
  7. Using one-dimensional thinned antenna arrays to form a two-dimensional MIMO antenna array
  8. Dual-resonance dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G and IoT applications
  9. Implantable F-shaped antenna with 93.32 Mbps speed for Intra-body communications
  10. Frequency and pattern reconfigurable arrow shape patch antenna with a PIN diode
  11. Data driven modeling for linearization of particle accelerator RF power source
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 31.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/freq-2024-0303/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen