Abstract
In this paper, new quantitative methods were applied to elucidate the geographical distribution of Japanese dialects. (1) Regional differences (individual differences) of usage rate of standard language at each locality in GAJ (Grammar Atlas of Japanese Dialects) were dealt with. (2) In addition to the railway distance from Tokyo to each locality, the walking distance from the railway stations to the survey localities was measured and used as the “railway-walking distance”. (3) Using a scatter-plot in what is called a “limestone cave model”, the values on the axis of standard language usage were reversed, and the Japan Islands were divided into east and west according to their direction from Tokyo. It showed that the standard language usage rate and distance show a proportional relationship even at each locality (individual informant) value. (4) Focusing on the prefectures near Tokyo, the distance from Tokyo regulates the usage rate. From this, the rapid spread of standard language from modern Tokyo and influence of railway can be ascertained. It was found that the phenomena pointed out by the average values by prefectures of vocabulary items in LAJ are valid to the data for each locality (individual) of GAJ.
Acknowledgements
This paper is a part of the research conducted as a part of the core project A comprehensive study on large-scale longitudinal surveys of the Japanese language (2012.4–2016.3), which one of the authors was in charge of as a visiting professor at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL). This research was also supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 16H03420, “A comprehensive sociolinguistic study on regional differences in public terminology”. Numerical data on the GAJ language standardization were produced by Kanetaka Yarimizu.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard 1933. Language. New York: Holt.Search in Google Scholar
Chambers, Jack 2002. Regionality as an Independent Variable – Interlopers as Agents of Linguistic Change. §3 of Dynamics of dialect convergence. Investigating Change and Variation through Dialect Contact. In: Lesley Milroy (ed.): Special issue of Sociolinguistics 6: 117–130.10.1111/1467-9481.00180Search in Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. & P. Trudgill 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
GAJ. Grammar Atlas of Japanese Dialects 1989–2006. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. Tokyo: Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau.Search in Google Scholar
Goebl, Hans 1982. Dialectometrie: Prinzipien und Methoden des Einsatzes der Numerischen Taxonomie im Bereich der Dialectgeographie. Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Search in Google Scholar
Goebl, Hans 2020. Dialectometry. http://dialektkarten.ch/dmviewer/alf/index.en.html (acc. 9.7.2024).Search in Google Scholar
Gooskens, Charlotte 2005. Travel time as a predictor of linguistic distance. Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 13: 38–62.10.1515/dig.2005.2005.13.38Search in Google Scholar
Grimm, Jakob 1819. Deutsche Grammatik I. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann.Search in Google Scholar
Grosse, Rudolph 1955. Die Meissnische Sprachlandschaft. Dialekt-geographische Untersuchungen zur Obersächsischen Sprach- und Siedlungsgeschichte (Mitteldeutsche Studien 15). Halle: M. Niemeyer.Search in Google Scholar
Hanzawa, Yasushi 2017. Gurottoguramu chosa deta no jitsujikan hikaku [Real-time comparison of glottogram survey data]. In: Takuichiro Onishi (ed.): Kukan to jikan no naka no hogen [Dialect in Space and Time], 283–303. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten.Search in Google Scholar
Hanzawa, Yasushi 2018a. Fukushimaken Hinoemata hogen no genjo [The Current State of Hinoemata dialect in Fukushima Prefecture]. Nihongogaku 37: 2–10.Search in Google Scholar
Hanzawa, Yasushi 2018b. Gendai ni okeru hogen goi no dotai [The dynamics of dialect vocabulary in modern times]. In: Takashi Kobayashi (ed.): The Vocabulary of Dialects, 132–147. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin.Search in Google Scholar
Heeringa, Wilbert 2004. Measuring dialect pronunciation differences using Levenshtein distance. Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics 46. [Thesis fully internal (DIV), University of Groningen].Search in Google Scholar
Heeringa, Wilbert & Fumio Inoue 2023. Exploring the Japanese dialect geography dialectometrically – Division and continuity -. Studies in Geolinguistics 3: 1–44.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 1996. Computational dialectology (1) & (2). Area and Culture Studies 52: 67–102 (1996.3) & 53: 115–134 (1996.10).Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 1997. Shakai hogengaku shiryo zushu [Social Dialectology Data and Figures]. Institute of Linguistics, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 1998. Nihongo Watching [The Japanese Language Watching]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 1999. Subjective dialect division in Great Britain. In: Dennis Preston (ed): Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology 1: 160–176. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/z.hpd1.20inoSearch in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2001. Keiryoteki Hogen Kukaku [Quantificational Dialect Classification]. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2004a, Hyojungo shiyoritsu to tetsudo kyori ni miru komyunikeshon no chiriteki yoin [Geographical factors of communication in standard Japanese usage and railway distance]. Shakai Gengo Kagaku 7: 19–29.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2004b. Hyojungokei shoshutsunen to tetsudo kyori jushin [Standard form first appearance year and railway distance center of gravity]. Nihongo kagaku 16: 47–68.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2004c. Hyojungokei fukyu no 3 dankai [Three stages of the diffusion of standard language forms]. Gengo kenkyu 126: 39–68.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2006. Geographical distance center and rate of diffusion of Standard Japanese. Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Dialectologists and Geolinguists, 239–247. Riga: Latvian Language Institute.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2008. Geographical distance center and multivariate analysis of the standard Japanese. Dialectologia: revista electrònica 1: 65–81.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue Fumio 2016. A Century of Language Change in Progress. New Dialect in Tsuruoka. Dialectologia: revista electrònica 17: 71–89.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2019. Common Developments of Japanese and Dutch-Flemish Dialectology. Dialectologia: revista electrònica special issue 8: 35–64.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2020a. Standard language distribution in Linguistic Atlas of Japan (LAJ) and limestone cave model. Geographical and historical interpretation of railway distances. Dialectologia: revista electrònica 24: 111–156.10.1344/Dialectologia2019.24.6Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2020b. Bunpo keishiki no zenkoku bunpu to tetsudo kyori [Nationwide distribution of grammatical forms and railway distance]. Meikai Nihongo 25: 1–10.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2021. Bunpo keishiki no bunpu to kyori [Distribution and distance of grammatical forms]. Area and Culture Studies 102: 1–29.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio 2022. LAJ hyojungokei no bunpu to shonyudo moderu – testudo kyori no chiriteki rekishiteki kaishaku [The distribution of LAJ standard word forms and the limestone cave model – A geographical and historical interpretation of railway distance]. Area and Culture Studies 104: 1–52.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio & Chitsuko Fukushima 1997. A quantitative approach to English dialect distribution. In: Wolfgang Viereck (ed.), The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England 2: 57–65. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio & Hanzawa Yasushi 2021a. Multivariate analysis of geography and age in dialect vocabulary – Comprehensive analysis of 250 years of language change. Dialectologia: revista electrònica 20: 97–160.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio & Yasushi Hanzawa 2021b. Hogen goi henka to tetsudo kotsu [Dialect lexical changes and railway traffic]. Shakai Gengo Kagaku 24: 144–156.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio & Yasushi Hanzawa 2022. Hogen no chiikisa kara neneisa e [From geographical differences to age differences of dialect]. Gengo Kenkyu 162: 63–89.Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio & Yasushi Hanzawa 2024. New Dialect and Obsolescence in Hamaogi Glottogram Survey – Dialect Vocabulary Change in 250 Years – Dialectologia: revista electrònica 32: 87–146.10.1344/Dialectologia2023.32.3Search in Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio & Yasuo Yoshioka (eds) 2003. Kinki no Hogen [Dialects of the Kinki Region]. Tokyo: Yumani shobo.Search in Google Scholar
Ishino, Hiroshi, Minoru Maruta, Takahisa Kisa & Minako Yasuhira 1992. Kawariyuku nihongo [The changing Japanese language]. Hoso kenkyu to chosa 1992–4: 2–17.Search in Google Scholar
Jaberg, J. Karl 1908. Sprachgeographie. Aarau: Sauerländer.Search in Google Scholar
Jeszenszky, Peter, Philipp Stoeckle, Elvira Glaser & Robert Weibel 2017. Exploring global and local patterns in the correlation of geographic distances and morphosyntactic variation in Swiss German. Journal of Linguistic Geography 5: 86–108.10.1017/jlg.2017.5Search in Google Scholar
Kotsu Kosha 1981. Jikoku-hyu [Timetable] October. Tokyo: Nihon Kotsu Kosha. (JTB)Search in Google Scholar
Kumagai, Yasuo 2013. Development of a way to visualize and observe linguistic similarities on a linguistic atlas. Working Papers from NWAV Asia-Pacific 2: 1–8.Search in Google Scholar
Kumagai, Yasuo 2016. Developing a Linguistic Atlas of Japan Database and advancing analysis of geographical distributions of dialects. In: Marie-Helene Cote, Remco Knooihuizen & John Nerbonne (eds.): The future of dialects, 333–362. Berlin: Language Science Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kumagai, Yasuo 2017. Nippon Gengo Chizu to Nippon Gengo Chizu Detabesu [Linguistic Atlas of Japan and Linguistic Atlas of Japan Database (LAJDB]. Hogen no kenkyu 3: 29–51.Search in Google Scholar
LAJ. Linguistic Atlas of Japan I–VI, 1966–1974. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. Tokyo: Ministry of Finance Printing Bureau.Search in Google Scholar
Nerbonne, John, Ilse van Gemert & Wilbert Heeringa 2005. A dialectometric view of the linguistic “gravity”. Alfa-informatica: University of Grooningen.Search in Google Scholar
NLJ. New Linguistic Atlas of Japan. See Onishi 2016.Search in Google Scholar
Onishi, Takuichiro (ed.) 2016. Shin Nihon Hogen Chizu [New Linguistic Atlas of Japan]. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten.Search in Google Scholar
Onishi, Takuichiro (ed.) 2017. Kukan to jikan no nakano hogen [Dialect in space and time]. Tokyo: Asakura Shoten.Search in Google Scholar
Onishi, Takuichiro 2019. On the relationship between the degrees of correspondence of dialects and distances. Languages 4: 37.10.3390/languages4020037Search in Google Scholar
Pickl, Simon, Aaron Spettl, Simon Pröll, Stephan Elspaß, Werner König & Volker Schmidt 2014. Linguistic distances in dialectometric intensity estimation. Journal of Linguistic Geography 2: 25–40.10.1017/jlg.2014.3Search in Google Scholar
Sibata, Takesi 1998. Sociolinguistics in Japanese Contexts. Eds Kunihiro Tetsuya, Fumio Inoue & Daniel Long. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110821307Search in Google Scholar
Sugiura, Yoshio 1989. Ritchi to kukanteki kodo [Location and Spatial Behavior]. Tokyo: Kokin Shoin.Search in Google Scholar
von Thünen, Johann Heinrich (1842) Der isolierte Staat in Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalökonomie. Introduced by Heinrich Waentig 1966. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.Search in Google Scholar
Tanaka, Yukari, Tadahiko Maeda, Naoki Hayashi & Masao Aizawa 2022. Ichimannin o taisho to shita zenkoku hogen ishiki Web chosa ni motozuku washa ruikei [Speaker typology based on a national Web survey of dialect attitudes of 10,000 subjects]. Keiryo Kokugo Gaku 33: 249–264.Search in Google Scholar
Yanagita, Kunio 1943. Kagyu Ko [Reflections on Snail]. Tokyo: Sogensha. [Also in Teihon Yanagida Kunio Shu 18, published as Iwanami Bunko in 1980.Search in Google Scholar
Yarimizu, Kanetaka 2007a. Katsuyokei ni okeru kyotsugo no bunpu patan [Distribution patterns of common language in conjugational forms]. Keiryo Kokugo Gaku 26: 1–18.Search in Google Scholar
Yarimizu, Kanetaka 2007b. Hogen bunpo zenkoku chizu ni okeru kyotsugoka no jokyo [The situation of common language in GAJ]. Nihongogaku 26: 112–119.Search in Google Scholar
Yarimizu, Kanetaka 2009. Kyotsugoka katei no keiryoteki bunseki [A quantitative analysis of the process of language commonization]. Doctoral dissertation, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (http://hdl.handle.net/10108/51462)Search in Google Scholar
Yarimizu, Kanetaka 2014. Chushinchi no gengoteki eikyoryoku [Linguistic influence of central place]. In: Takashi Kobayashi (ed.): Yanagita hogengaku no gendaiteki igi [The contemporary significance of Yanagida dialectology], 209–226. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo.Search in Google Scholar
Yarimizu, Kanetaka 2017. Gendai nihongo no kyotsugoka katei [Common language process of contemporary Japanese]. In: Onishi (ed.) (2017): 304–322.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Artikel – Articles – Articulos
- German recordings from a forgotten Gaeltacht
- Study of vowel formant data using Gabmap: A pilot analysis of a Lithuanian dialect
- Compound prepositions in Irish and Scottish Gaelic
- On the issue of the development of adjective degree forms in the Western Lithuanian and Latvian dialects
- Frequency Conditions in the Description of Historical Phonological Dialectal Differences
- Language standardization and railway-walking distance. Levenshtein distance and distribution in GAJ
- Linguistic Study of Some Properties and Phonological Processes of Jooshani Dialect of Persian
- Explaining the Dynamics and Stability of Dialects: A Representational Approach
- Pluralizers through time in the Basque dialect of Labourd
- Besprechungen – Comptes rendus – Reseñas – Reviews
- Besprechungen – Comptes rendus – Reseñas – Reviews
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Artikel – Articles – Articulos
- German recordings from a forgotten Gaeltacht
- Study of vowel formant data using Gabmap: A pilot analysis of a Lithuanian dialect
- Compound prepositions in Irish and Scottish Gaelic
- On the issue of the development of adjective degree forms in the Western Lithuanian and Latvian dialects
- Frequency Conditions in the Description of Historical Phonological Dialectal Differences
- Language standardization and railway-walking distance. Levenshtein distance and distribution in GAJ
- Linguistic Study of Some Properties and Phonological Processes of Jooshani Dialect of Persian
- Explaining the Dynamics and Stability of Dialects: A Representational Approach
- Pluralizers through time in the Basque dialect of Labourd
- Besprechungen – Comptes rendus – Reseñas – Reviews
- Besprechungen – Comptes rendus – Reseñas – Reviews