Ecological meaning, linguistic meaning, and interactivity

Sune Vork Steffensen; Matthew Isaac Harvey

doi:10.1515/cogsem-2018-0005

Article

Ecological meaning, linguistic meaning, and interactivity

Sune Vork Steffensen
Sune Vork Steffensen is a professor of language, interaction, and cognition at the University of Southern Denmark. He is the director of the university’s Centre for Human Interactivity and he is the editor in chief of the Language Sciences journal (Elsevier). Focusing on how language and cognition intersect in complex social and dialogical systems in ways that transform the human ecology, his research draws on ecological, dialogical, and distributed approaches to language, interaction, and cognition (including ecological psychology, embodied cognition, distributed cognition, and dynamical systems thinking). By integrating a cognitive perspective with multimodal interaction analysis, he has pioneered the so-called Cognitive Event Analysis, a qualitative method for studying distributed cognitive processes in cognitive ecosystems. He has edited four issues on ecological and distributed approaches to language as well as 50 articles/chapters in journals and books.
and Matthew Isaac Harvey
Matthew Isaac Harvey is a PhD student under the supervision of Stephen Cowley at the Center for Human Interactivity at the University of Southern Denmark. His research is in the cognitive science of language and covers a range of theoretical issues related to representation, meaning, and interpersonal coordination. His particular interest is in experiences of linguistic meaning and how these can be accounted for in ecological and enactive models that do not involve representations. In other words: how far can we push dynamical and embodied explanations for language? His current interests include possible applications of the bioacoustics concept of “soundscape” to linguistic contexts and finding clearer ways to talk about the massive multiscalarity of linguistic action and experience.

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From the journal Cognitive Semiotics Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

Human language is extraordinarily meaningful. Well-spoken or well-written passages can evoke our deepest emotions and elicit all manner of conscious and subconscious reactions. This is usually taken to be an insurmountable explanatory challenge for ecological approaches to cognitive science, the primary tools of which concern coordination dynamics in organism-environment systems. Recent work (Pattee, H. H. & J. Rączaszek-Leonardi 2012. Laws, Language, and Life. Dordrecht: Springer) has made headway in describing the meaningfulness of linguistic units — the kind of meaning that we perceive as mediated by specific symbols — within an ecological framework, by building an account based on Howard Pattee’s conceptualization of symbols as physical, replicable, historically-selected constraints on the dynamics of self-organizing systems (Pattee, H. H. 1969. How does a molecule become a message?. Developmental Biology 3(supplemental). 1016; Pattee, H. H. 1972. Laws and constraints, symbols and languages. In C. H. Waddington (ed.), Towards a Theoretical Biology, 248–258. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). In order to propose an “interactivity-based” approach to linguistic meaning, this paper takes the following steps: first, it rejects the view of linguistic meaning as fully independent from organism-environment interactions, as exemplified by formal approaches in philosophical semantics. Second, it presents a cutting-edge example of an ecological approach to symbols, namely Joanna Rączaszek-Leonardi’s (Rączaszek-Leonardi, J. 2009. Symbols as constraints: The structuring role of dynamics and self-organization in natural language. Pragmatics and Cognition 17(3). 653–676. DOI:10.1075/pandc.17.3.09ras; Rączaszek-Leonardi, J. 2016. How does a word become a message? An illustration on a developmental time-scale. New Ideas in Psychology 42, Supplement C: 46–55. DOI:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.08.001) version of Pattee’s symbols-as-constraints model. Third, it reviews and critiques a recent attempt (Rączaszek-Leonardi, J., I. Nomikou, K. J. Rohlfing & T. W. Deacon. 2018. Language development from an ecological perspective: Ecologically valid ways to abstract symbols. Ecological Psychology 30(1). 39–73) to integrate the symbols-as-constraints model with Terrence Deacon, T. W. 1997. The Symbolic Species. New York: W. W. Norton and Company; Deacon, T. W. 2011. The symbol concept. In M. Tallerman & K. R. Gibson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution, 393–405. Oxford: Oxford University Press) semiotic view of symbols, arguing that the properties ascribed to linguistic symbols, both by Deacon and very widely throughout the cognitive sciences, are not properties of individual instances of linguistic action. Rather, they belong to a particular mode of description that draws generalizations across the phenomenological experience of many language users. Finally, it lays out the core components of a novel “interactivity-based” approach to linguistic meaning. On this view, human beings engage in constant, hyper-flexible entrainment and enskillment that produces tremendous perceptual sensitivity to vocal and acoustic patterns. This sensitivity enables us to coordinate our in-the-moment behavior with large-scale behavioral patterns within a larger population, and to compare our own actions to those large-scale patterns. Thus, the most important contribution made by an interactivity-based approach is that it accounts adequately for the role played by population-level behavioral patterns in the control of short-timescale, here-and-now linguistic actions. In so doing, it offers the grounds for an ecological account of rich linguistic meaning.

Keywords: interactivity; meaning; symbols; distributed language; ecological psychology; semantics

About the authors

Sune Vork Steffensen

Sune Vork Steffensen is a professor of language, interaction, and cognition at the University of Southern Denmark. He is the director of the university’s Centre for Human Interactivity and he is the editor in chief of the Language Sciences journal (Elsevier). Focusing on how language and cognition intersect in complex social and dialogical systems in ways that transform the human ecology, his research draws on ecological, dialogical, and distributed approaches to language, interaction, and cognition (including ecological psychology, embodied cognition, distributed cognition, and dynamical systems thinking). By integrating a cognitive perspective with multimodal interaction analysis, he has pioneered the so-called Cognitive Event Analysis, a qualitative method for studying distributed cognitive processes in cognitive ecosystems. He has edited four issues on ecological and distributed approaches to language as well as 50 articles/chapters in journals and books.

Matthew Isaac Harvey

Matthew Isaac Harvey is a PhD student under the supervision of Stephen Cowley at the Center for Human Interactivity at the University of Southern Denmark. His research is in the cognitive science of language and covers a range of theoretical issues related to representation, meaning, and interpersonal coordination. His particular interest is in experiences of linguistic meaning and how these can be accounted for in ecological and enactive models that do not involve representations. In other words: how far can we push dynamical and embodied explanations for language? His current interests include possible applications of the bioacoustics concept of “soundscape” to linguistic contexts and finding clearer ways to talk about the massive multiscalarity of linguistic action and experience.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the reviewers for their extraordinarily rich comments that helped us improve this article significantly. In particular, we are grateful to Joanna Rączaszek-Leonardi for providing us with more thoughtful arguments and counterarguments than we have managed to integrate in the final version, and to Michael Kimmel for his extremely detailed and helpful critique of our position. Finally, we would like to thank Jordan Zlatev (who was action editor in this article) for his support and insightful guidance.

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Published Online: 2018-04-21

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/cogsem-2018-0005

Keywords for this article

interactivity; meaning; symbols; distributed language; ecological psychology; semantics