Home Expert versus novice academic writing: a Multi-Dimensional analysis of professional and learner texts in different disciplines
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Expert versus novice academic writing: a Multi-Dimensional analysis of professional and learner texts in different disciplines

  • Elizaveta Smirnova ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 13, 2025

Abstract

This study employs Douglas Biber’s Multi-Dimensional analysis (1988) in order to estimate the degree of similarity and difference between expert and novice academic writing in different disciplines. The Multi-Dimensional analysis was applied to two kinds of corpora: an approximately 700,000-word corpus of L2 students’ writing and a 3,700,000-word corpus of professional writing in six sciences (business studies, computer science, economics, history, law, and political science). It was found that there are significant differences in the realisation of Biber’s dimensions between the disciplines under consideration, as well as between the learners’ and experts’ texts. The results show that the novice writing is less narrative, more explicit, more opinionated and less abstract compared to the texts written by professionals.


Corresponding author: Elizaveta Smirnova, The Foreign Languages Department, HSE University, Perm, Russia; and University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain, E-mail:

Funding source: The Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University)

  1. Research funding: Funding supported by The Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).

Appendix: Journals

Disciplines Journals
Economics Quarterly Journal of Economics (QJE)

Journal of Financial Economics (JFE)

International Journal of Production Economics (IJPE)
Business studies Journal of Management (JM)

Journal of Management Studies (JMS)

Academy of Management Journal (AM)
Computer science International Journal of Digital Earth (IJDE)

International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV)

Artificial Intelligence Review (AIR)

Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

Computer Science Education (CSE)

European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS)
Political science American political science review (APSR)

American journal of political science (AJPS)

Journal of Politics (JP)

World Politics (WP)

Comparative Political Studies (CPS)

Political Analysis (PA)
History The American Historical Review (AHR)

The Journal of African History (JAH)

The Historical Journal (HR)

The Journal of Modern History (JMH)

Contemporary European History
Law European Law Journal (ELJ)

Criminal Justice Studies (CJS)

Journal of Crime and Justice (JCJ)

Contemporary Justice Review (CJR)

Women & Criminal Justice (WCJ)

British Journal of Criminology (BJC)

International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family (IJLPF)

Punishment and Society (PS)

Regulation and Governance (RG)

Journal of Experimental Criminology (JEC)

References

Ansarifar, Ahmad, Hesamoddin Shahriari & Reza Pishghadam. 2018. Phrasal complexity in academic writing: A comparison of abstracts written by graduate students and expert writers in applied linguistics. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 31. 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2017.12.008.Search in Google Scholar

Aull, Laura L. & Zak Lancaster. 2014. Linguistic markers of stance in early and advanced academic writing: A corpus-based comparison. Written Communication 31(2). 151–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088314527055.Search in Google Scholar

Aull, Laura L., Dineth Bandarage & Meredith Richardson Miller. 2017. Generality in student and expert epistemic stance: A corpus analysis of first-year, upper-level, and published academic writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 26. 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2017.01.005.Search in Google Scholar

Bazerman, Charles, Joseph Little, Lisa Bethel, Teri Chavkin, Danielle Fouquette & Janet Garufis. 2005. Reference guide to writing across the curriculum. Indiana: Parlor Press.Search in Google Scholar

Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511621024Search in Google Scholar

Biber, Douglas & Bethany Gray. 2016. Grammatical complexity in academic English: Linguistic change in writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511920776Search in Google Scholar

Biber, Douglas, Jesse Egbert & Daniel Keller. 2020. Reconceptualising register in a continuous situational space. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 1. 2–36.Search in Google Scholar

Brůhová, Gabriela & Kateriña Vašků. 2021. Lexical bundles ending in that in academic writing by Czech learners and native speakers of English. Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies 30(2). 53–69.10.7311/0860-5734.30.2.03Search in Google Scholar

Conrad, Susan & Douglas Biber. 2001. Introduction: Multi-dimensional analysis and the study of register variation. In Susan Conrad & Douglas Biber (eds.), Variation in English: Multi-dimensional studies, 13–42. London & New York: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Conrad, Susan. 2001. Variation among disciplinary texts: A comparison of textbooks and journal articles in biology and history. In Susan Conrad & Douglas Biber (eds.), Variation in English: Multi-dimensional studies, 94–107. London & New York: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Crosthwaite, Peter. 2016. A longitudinal multidimensional analysis of EAP writing: Determining EAP course effectiveness. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 22. 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.04.005.Search in Google Scholar

Egbert, Jesse. 2015. Publication type and discipline variation in published academic writing: Investigating statistical interaction in corpus data. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20(1). 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.1.01egb.Search in Google Scholar

Egbert, Jesse & Douglas Biber. 2018. Do all roads lead to Rome? Modeling register variation with factor analysis and discriminant analysis. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 14(2). 233–273. https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2016-0016.Search in Google Scholar

Gardner, Sheena, Hilary Nesi & Douglas Biber. 2019. Discipline, level, genre: Integrating situational perspectives in a new MD analysis of university student writing. Applied Linguistics 40(4). 646–674. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amy005.Search in Google Scholar

Goulart, Larissa. 2021. Register variation in L1 and L2 student writing: A multidimensional analysis. Register Studies 3(1). 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1075/rs.20012.gou.Search in Google Scholar

Gray, Bethany. 2015. Linguistic variation in research articles: When discipline tells only part of the story. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/scl.71Search in Google Scholar

Halliday, Michael A. K. 1988. On the language of physical science. In Mohsen Ghadessy (ed.), Registers of written English, 162–172. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Hardy, Jack A. & Ute Römer. 2013. Revealing disciplinary variation in student writing: A multi-dimensional analysis of the Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student Papers (MICUSP). Corpora 8(2). 183–207. https://doi.org/10.3366/cor.2013.0040.Search in Google Scholar

Hardy, Jack A. 2015. Multi-dimensional analysis of academic discourse. In Paul Baker & Tony McEnery (eds.), Corpora and discourse studies, 155–174. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137431738_8Search in Google Scholar

Hewings, Martin & Ann Hewings. 2002. “It is interesting to note that…”: A comparative study of anticipatory ‘it’ in student and published writing. English for Specific Purposes 21(4). 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-4906(01)00016-3.Search in Google Scholar

Ishikawa, Shinichiro. 2019. The ICNALE: The international corpus network of Asian learners of English. http://language.sakura.ne.jp/icnale/ (accessed 25 February 2025).Search in Google Scholar

Jin, Bixi. 2018. A multidimensional analysis of research article discussion sections in the field of chemical engineering. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications 61(3). 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpc.2018.2817002.Search in Google Scholar

Kelly-Laubscher, Rosin F., Natashia Muna & Mathilde van der Merwe. 2017. Using the research article as a model for teaching laboratory report writing provides opportunities for development of genre awareness and adoption of new literacy practices. English for Specific Purposes 48. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2017.05.002.Search in Google Scholar

Kim, Jeong Eun & Hosung Nam. 2019. How do textual features of L2 argumentative essays differ across proficiency levels? A multidimensional cross-sectional study. Reading and Writing 32. 2251–2279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-019-09947-6.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Liming & Lam Li. 2016. Noun phrase complexity in EFL academic writing: A corpus-based study of postgraduate academic writing. Journal of Asia TEFL 13(1). 48–65. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2016.13.1.4.48.Search in Google Scholar

Malá, Markéta. 2022. Hedging like a professional: A corpus-driven approach to interactional metadiscourse in English learner academic writing. In Patterns and variation in English language discourse. 9th Brno conference on linguistics studies in English, 72–86.10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P280-0212-2022-5Search in Google Scholar

Martin, James R. 2013. Embedded literacy: Knowledge as meaning. Linguistics and Education 24(1). 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2012.11.006.Search in Google Scholar

Mu, Congjun. 2021. A multidimensional contrastive analysis of linguistic features between international and local biology journal English research articles. Scientometrics 126(9). 7901–7916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04102-x.Search in Google Scholar

Nesi, Hilary & Sheena Gardner. 2012. Genres across the disciplines: Student writing in higher education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781009030199Search in Google Scholar

Nesi, Hilary & Sheena Gardner. 2017. Stance in the BAWE corpus: New revelations from Multidimensional Analysis. In Corpus linguistics 2017 conference, 25–28.Search in Google Scholar

Nesi, Hilary, Neil Matheson & Helen Basturkmen. 2017. University literature essays in the UK, New Zealand and the USA: Implications for EAP. New Zealand Studies in Applied Linguistics 23(2). 25–38.Search in Google Scholar

Nini, Andrea. 2015. Multidimensional Analysis Tagger 1.3 – Manual. https://sites.google.com/site/multidimensionaltagger (accessed August 4, 2023).Search in Google Scholar

Nini, Andrea. 2019. The multi-dimensional analysis tagger. In Tony Berber Sardinha & Marcia Veirano Pinto (eds.), Multi-dimensional analysis: Research methods and current issues, 67–94. London & New York: Bloomsbury.10.5040/9781350023857.0012Search in Google Scholar

Omidian, Taha, Anna Siyanova-Chanturia & Douglas Biber. 2021. A new multidimensional model of writing for research publication: An analysis of disciplinarity, intra-textual variation, and L1 versus LX expert writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 53(101020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2021.101020.Search in Google Scholar

Qiu, Xuyan, Yuen Yi Lo & Xing San Teng. 2022. Development of L2 disciplinary literacy: A multidimensional analysis. System 110(102907). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102907.Search in Google Scholar

Russell, David R. 1990. Writing across the curriculum in historical perspective: Toward a social interpretation. College English 52(1). 52–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/377412.Search in Google Scholar

Smirnova, Elizaveta & Svetlana Strinyuk. 2020. Hedges in Russian EAP writing: A corpus-based study of research papers in management. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 9(1). 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2020-2033.Search in Google Scholar

Staples, Shelley, Jesse Egbert, Douglas Biber & Bethany Gray. 2016. Academic writing development at the university level: Phrasal and clausal complexity across level of study, discipline, and genre. Written Communication 33(2). 149–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088316631527.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2024-08-13
Accepted: 2025-04-05
Published Online: 2025-05-13
Published in Print: 2025-05-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Introduction
  3. Integration, collaboration, friendship as core messages for younger generations
  4. Research Articles
  5. Research practice and culture in European universities’ Language Centres. Results of a survey in CercleS member institutions
  6. Language practices in the work communities of Finnish Language Centres
  7. Fostering transparency: a critical introduction of generative AI in students’ assignments
  8. Expert versus novice academic writing: a Multi-Dimensional analysis of professional and learner texts in different disciplines
  9. Raising language awareness to foster self-efficacy in pre-professional writers of English as a Foreign Language: a case study of Czech students of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
  10. Does an autonomising scheme contribute to changing university students’ representations of language learning?
  11. Investigating the relationship between self-regulated learning and language proficiency among EFL students in Vietnam
  12. Students’ perspectives on Facebook and Instagram ELT opportunities: a comparative study
  13. Designing a scenario-based learning framework for a university-level Arabic language course
  14. Washback effects of the Portuguese CAPLE exams from Chinese university students and teachers’ perspectives: a mixed-methods study
  15. Students’ perception of the impact of (meta)linguistic knowledge on learning German
  16. Language policy in Higher Education of Georgia
  17. Activity Reports
  18. Intercomprehension and collaborative learning to interact in a plurilingual academic environment
  19. Teaching presentation skills through popular science: an opportunity for a collaborative and transversal approach to ESP teaching
  20. Japanese kana alphabet retention through handwritten reflection cards
  21. Decolonising the curriculum in Japanese language education in the UK and Europe
Downloaded on 23.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cercles-2024-0060/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button