Infrared analysis of lipoproteins in the detection of alcohol biomarkers
-
Sander De Bruyne
Abstract
Background:
Alcoholism is a major public health problem. Alcohol causes modifications in the composition and concentration of lipoproteins and influences the enzymes and transfer proteins that transform lipoproteins in plasma. Alcohol is associated with the presence of alcohol biomarkers (fatty acid ethyl esters [FAEEs] and phosphatidylethanol [PEth]) in lipoproteins. We explore the possibilities of detecting alcohol biomarkers in non-high-density-lipoproteins (non-HDLs) precipitated from serum using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR).
Methods:
Analyzes were carried out on stored serum samples, with known % carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) values, included in a driver’s license regranting program under the control of the Belgian Institute of Road Safety. The study consisted of 127 control samples (CDT≤1.3%) and 114 alcoholic samples (CDT>1.3%). Liver enzymes, CRP, triglycerides, total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol values were determined. Non-HDLs were precipitated with sodium phosphotungstate and MgCl2 and analyzed using ATR-FTIR in the range from 4500 cm−1 to 450 cm−1 using a Perkin Elmer ATR-FTIR Spectrometer Two.
Results:
The area under the curve of the 1130–990 cm−1 region (AUC1130−990 cm−1) was able to discriminate controls from alcoholics (p<0.0001) due to the presence of FAEEs in lipoproteins. Multiple regression analysis significantly predicted the AUC1130−990 cm−1 (adj. r2=0.13, p<0.0001). Significant correlations were found between AUC1130−990 cm−1 and CDT values (r=0.32, p<0.0001), AST/ALT ratio (r=0.21, p=0.001). GGT showed no significant correlation.
Conclusions:
Infrared analysis of lipoproteins is a potential tool in the detection of alcohol biomarkers.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
References
1. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/en/.Search in Google Scholar
2. Maenhout TM, De Buyzere ML, Delanghe JR. Non-oxidative ethanol metabolites as a measure of alcohol intake. Clin Chim Acta 2013;415:322–9.10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Winkler M, Skopp G, Alt A, Miltner E, Jochum T, Daenhardt C, et al. Comparison of direct and indirect alcohol markers with PEth in blood and urine in alcohol dependent inpatients during detoxication. Int J Legal Med 2013;127:761–8.10.1007/s00414-012-0812-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Helander A, Peter O, Zheng Y. Monitoring of the alcohol biomarkers PEth, CDT and EtG/EtS in an outpatient treatment setting. Alcohol Alcohol 2012;47:552–7.10.1093/alcalc/ags065Search in Google Scholar PubMed
5. Delanghe JR, De Buyzere ML. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin and forensic medicine. Clin Chim Acta 2009;406:1–7.10.1016/j.cca.2009.05.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Maenhout TM, Baten G, De Buyzere ML, Delanghe JR. Carbohydrate deficient transferrin in a driver’s license regranting program. Alcohol Alcohol 2012;47:253–60.10.1093/alcalc/ags013Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Schröck A, Hernández Redondo A, Martin Fabritius M, König S, Weinmann W. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in blood samples from “driving under the influence” cases as indicator for prolonged excessive alcohol consumption. Int J Legal Med 2016;130:393–400.10.1007/s00414-015-1300-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Liisanantti MK, Huhta K, Savolainen MJ. Transfer of phosphatidylethanol between lipoproteins. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28:1638–42.10.1097/01.ALC.0000145788.72810.D6Search in Google Scholar
9. Marques P, Hansson T, Isaksson A, Walther L, Jones J, Lewis D, et al. Detection of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in the blood of drivers in an alcohol ignition interlock program. Traffic Inj Prev 2011;12:136–41.10.1080/15389588.2010.544048Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Laposata M, Hasaba A, Best CA, Yoerger DM, McQuillan BM, Salem RO, et al. Fatty acid ethyl esters: recent observations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent. Fatty Acids 2002;67:193–6.10.1054/plef.2002.0418Search in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Schellenberg F, Girre C, Nalpas B, Plat A, Tome A, Pagès JC. Analytical evaluation of a new capillary electrophoresis method for carbohydrate-deficient transferrin measurement. Clin Chim Acta 2007;382:48–53.10.1016/j.cca.2007.03.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Wuyts B, Delanghe JR, Kasvosve I, Gordeuk VR, Gangaidzo IT, Gomo ZA. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and chronic alcohol ingestion in subjects with transferrin CD-variants. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001;39:937–43.10.1515/CCLM.2001.150Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, 5th ed. St. Louis (Missouri): Elsevier, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
14. Krilov D, Balarin M, Kosović M, Gamulin O, Brnjas-Kraljević J. FT-IR spectroscopy of lipoproteins-a comparative study. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2009;73:701–6.10.1016/j.saa.2009.03.015Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Hannuksela ML, Liisanantti MK, Nissinen AE, Savolainen MJ. Biochemical markers of alcoholism. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:953–61.10.1515/CCLM.2007.190Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Wurst FM, Thon N, Yegles M, Schrück A, Preuss UW, Weinmann W. Ethanol metabolites: their role in the assessment of alcohol intake. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015;39:2060–72.10.1111/acer.12851Search in Google Scholar PubMed
17. Brinton EA. Effects of ethanol intake on lipoproteins. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012;14:108–14.10.1007/s11883-012-0230-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Hope H, Skar V, Sandstad O, Husebye E, Medhus AW. Small intestinal malabsorption in chronic alcoholism: a retrospective study of alcoholic patients by the 14C-D-xylose breath test. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012;47:428–34.10.3109/00365521.2013.825316Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Jiang ZG, Tsugawa Y, Tapper EB, Lai M, Afdhal N, Robson SC, et al. Low-fasting triglyceride levels are associated with non-invasive markers of advanced liver fibrosis among adults in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;42:106–16.10.1111/apt.13216Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Krilov D, Kosović M, Brnjas-Kraljević J, Serec K, Vogrinc Ž. Structural and oxidation properties of plasma lipoproteins from different phenotypes: FT-IR and ESR study. Croat Chem Acta 2013;86:265–72.10.5562/cca2236Search in Google Scholar
21. Wasan KM, Brocks DR, Lee SD, Sachs-Barrable K, Thornton SJ. Impact of lipoproteins on the biological activity and disposition of hydrophobic drugs: implications for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:84–99.10.1038/nrd2353Search in Google Scholar PubMed
©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Biotin interference on immunoassay methods: sporadic cases or hidden epidemic?
- Reviews
- False biochemical diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in streptavidin-biotin-based immunoassays: the problem of biotin intake and related interferences
- Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health
- Mini Review
- Point-of-care testing INR: an overview
- Opinion Paper
- Could accreditation bodies facilitate the implementation of medical guidelines in laboratories?
- Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics
- QMPSF is sensitive and specific in the detection of NPHP1 heterozygous deletions
- General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- High-dose biotin therapy leading to false biochemical endocrine profiles: validation of a simple method to overcome biotin interference
- Multicenter performance evaluation of a second generation cortisol assay
- A rapid UPLC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous measurement of fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, and hydroxyitraconazole concentrations in serum
- A microplate assay to measure classical and alternative complement activity
- Serological diagnosis and prognosis of severe acute pancreatitis by analysis of serum glycoprotein 2
- Retrospective evaluation of the clinical utility of serological biomarkers in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: 2-year clinical experience
- Infrared analysis of lipoproteins in the detection of alcohol biomarkers
- Coexistence of anti-β2-glycoprotein I domain I and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies suggests strong thrombotic risk
- Antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies as biomarkers to identify severe primary antiphospholipid syndrome
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- The impact of admission neutrophil-to-platelet ratio on in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with infective endocarditis
- Letters to the Editor
- Biotin interference in immunoassays mimicking subclinical Graves’ disease and hyperestrogenism: a case series
- A simple method to detect biotin interference on immunoassays
- Proposed classification for a variant of Kounis syndrome
- Lyophilized hemoglobin E control material for the dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP) test
- Procalcitonin variation before and after 100-km ultramarathon
- Preliminary study in specific activity of molecular components in allergy: implications for diagnostics and relationship with disease severity
- A 2-min at 4500 g rather than a 15-min at 2200 g centrifugation does not impact the reliability of 10 critical coagulation assays
- Immunoassay interference caused by heterophilic antibodies interacting with biotin
- Red blood cell distribution width and mean platelet volume are potential prognostic indices for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
- Neutrophil CD64 molecule expression can predict bloodstream infection in septic shock patients
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Biotin interference on immunoassay methods: sporadic cases or hidden epidemic?
- Reviews
- False biochemical diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in streptavidin-biotin-based immunoassays: the problem of biotin intake and related interferences
- Vitamin K plasma levels determination in human health
- Mini Review
- Point-of-care testing INR: an overview
- Opinion Paper
- Could accreditation bodies facilitate the implementation of medical guidelines in laboratories?
- Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics
- QMPSF is sensitive and specific in the detection of NPHP1 heterozygous deletions
- General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- High-dose biotin therapy leading to false biochemical endocrine profiles: validation of a simple method to overcome biotin interference
- Multicenter performance evaluation of a second generation cortisol assay
- A rapid UPLC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous measurement of fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, and hydroxyitraconazole concentrations in serum
- A microplate assay to measure classical and alternative complement activity
- Serological diagnosis and prognosis of severe acute pancreatitis by analysis of serum glycoprotein 2
- Retrospective evaluation of the clinical utility of serological biomarkers in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease: 2-year clinical experience
- Infrared analysis of lipoproteins in the detection of alcohol biomarkers
- Coexistence of anti-β2-glycoprotein I domain I and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies suggests strong thrombotic risk
- Antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies as biomarkers to identify severe primary antiphospholipid syndrome
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- The impact of admission neutrophil-to-platelet ratio on in-hospital and long-term mortality in patients with infective endocarditis
- Letters to the Editor
- Biotin interference in immunoassays mimicking subclinical Graves’ disease and hyperestrogenism: a case series
- A simple method to detect biotin interference on immunoassays
- Proposed classification for a variant of Kounis syndrome
- Lyophilized hemoglobin E control material for the dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCIP) test
- Procalcitonin variation before and after 100-km ultramarathon
- Preliminary study in specific activity of molecular components in allergy: implications for diagnostics and relationship with disease severity
- A 2-min at 4500 g rather than a 15-min at 2200 g centrifugation does not impact the reliability of 10 critical coagulation assays
- Immunoassay interference caused by heterophilic antibodies interacting with biotin
- Red blood cell distribution width and mean platelet volume are potential prognostic indices for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
- Neutrophil CD64 molecule expression can predict bloodstream infection in septic shock patients
