Home Reference values and upper reference limits for 26 trace elements in the urine of adults living in Belgium
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Reference values and upper reference limits for 26 trace elements in the urine of adults living in Belgium

  • Perrine Hoet EMAIL logo , Chantal Jacquerye , Gladys Deumer , Dominique Lison and Vincent Haufroid
Published/Copyright: January 12, 2013
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
From the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) Volume 51 Issue 4

Abstract

Background: Trace elements (TEs) are ubiquitous and their potential interest for human health has been constantly expanding. Biological monitoring is generally considered to be a useful tool to assess human exposure to chemical agents in risk assessment both at occupational and environmental levels. However, the knowledge of accurate reference values, which may vary across countries or regions, is a prerequisite for correct interpretation of biomonitoring data. This study aimed at determining the reference distribution and the upper reference limit for 26 TEs (Al, As, Sb, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, In, Li, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pt, Pb, Se, Te, Tl, Sn, U, V, Zn) in the urine of the general adult population residing in Belgium.

Methods: In total, 1022 adults not occupationally or extra-occupationally (mainly via hobbies, drugs) exposed to these TEs were recruited by occupational physicians and toxicologists according to an a priori selection procedure. Non-fasting spot urine samples were analyzed for 460 males and 541 females by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Careful control was applied during collection, handling and analyses of the samples to avoid any contamination.

Results: Globally, the results indicate that the exposure levels of the Belgian population to these TEs are low and grossly similar to those recently published by other national surveys.

Conclusions: These new reference values and upper reference limits will be useful for future occupational and/or environmental surveys.

Keywords: Belgium; biological monitoring; reference limits; reference values; trace elements; urine
Corresponding author: Perrine Hoet, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 52-bte B1.52.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium

The authors wish to thank Francis Desmedt and Marleen Kestens (LTAP) for skillful pre- analytical handling of the samples.

Conflict of interest statement

Authors’ conflict of interest disclosure: The authors stated that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article. Research funding played no role in thestudy design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretationof data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision tosubmit the report for publication.

Research funding: Part of this study was performed with the financial support of CESI (Occupational Health Service, Brussels, Belgium).

Employment or leadership: None declared.

Honorarium: None declared.

References

1. Solberg HE. Approved recommendation (1987) on the theory of reference values. Part 5. Statistical treatment of collected reference values. Determination of reference limits. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1987;25:645–56.10.1016/0009-8981(87)90151-3Search in Google Scholar

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, updated tables, February 2012. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/. Accessed June, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

3. Health Canada. Report on human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada. Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 1 (2007–2009). August 2010. Available from: http://www.healthcanada.gc.ca. Accessed June, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

4. Schulz C, Conrad A, Becker K, Kolossa-Gehring M, Seiwert M, Seifert B. Twenty years of the German Environmental Survey (GerES): human biomonitoring – temporal and spatial (West Germany/East Germany) differences in population exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007;210:271–97.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000246907000010&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1016/j.ijheh.2007.01.034Search in Google Scholar

5. Health and Environmental Hygiene. German Environmental Survey 1998 (GerES III). Results. Available from: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/gesundheit-e/survey/. Updated 11 January, 2006. Accessed June, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

6. Fréry N, Saoudi A, Garnier R, Zeghnoun A, Falq G. Exposition de la population française aux substances chimiques de l’environnement. Saint-Maurice: Institut de Veille Sanitaire, 2011:151.Search in Google Scholar

7. Cornelis R, Sabbioni E, Van der Venne MT. Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community. VII. Review of trace elements in blood, serum and urine of the Belgian population and critical evaluation of their possible use as reference values. Sci Total Environ 1994;158:191–226.10.1016/0048-9697(94)90058-2Search in Google Scholar

8. White MA, Sabbioni E. Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Union. X. A study of 13 elements in blood and urine of a United Kingdom population. Sci Total Environ 1998;216:253–70.10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00156-9Search in Google Scholar

9. Minoia C, Sabbioni E, Apostoli P, Pietra R, Pozzoli L, Gallorini M, et al. Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community. I. A study of 46 elements in urine, blood and serum of Italian subjects. Sci Total Environ 1990;95:89–105.10.1016/0048-9697(90)90055-YSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

10. CLSI/IFCC Guideline C28‐A3. Defining, establishing, and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; Approved Guideline, 3rd ed. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

11. Göen T, Schaller KH, Drexler H. Biological reference values for chemical compounds in the work area (BARs): an approach for evaluating biomonitoring data. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012;85:571–8.10.1007/s00420-011-0699-3http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000305131300011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f3Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Cornelis R, Heinzow B, Herber RF, Christensen JM, Poulsen OM, Sabbioni E, et al. Sample collection guidelines for trace elements in blood and urine. IUPAC Commission of Toxicology. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1996;10:103–27.10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80018-6Search in Google Scholar

13. Quebec Multielement External Quality Assessment Scheme (QMEQAS) – Centre de Toxicologie – Institut National de Santé Publique Québec. Round 2011–03. 012.02.28.Search in Google Scholar

14. Batista B, Rodrigues J, Tormen L, Curtius A, Barbosa F. Reference concentrations for trace elements in urine for the Brazilian population based on q-ICP-MS with a simple dilute-and-shoot procedure. J Braz Chem Soc 2009;20:1406–13.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000271226900004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1590/S0103-50532009000800004Search in Google Scholar

15. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH). Biomonitoring of exposure to chemicals. Guideline for specimen collection 2011–2012. Available from: http://www.ttl.fi/en/work_environment/biomonitoring/Documents/guideline_for_specimen_collection.pdf. Accessed June, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

16. Feldmann J, Krupp EM. Critical review or scientific opinion paper: Arsenosugars — a class of benign arsenic species or justification for developing partly speciated arsenic fractionation in foodstuffs? Anal Bioanal Chem 2011;399:1735–41.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000286599300002&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1007/s00216-010-4303-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Baeyens W, Yue G, De Galan S, Maaike B, Van Larebeke N, Leermakers M. Dietary exposure to total and toxic arsenic in Belgium: importance of arsenic speciation in North Sea fish. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009;53:558–65.10.1002/mnfr.200700533http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000266308600005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f3Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Caldwell K, Jones R, Verdon C, Jarrett J, Caudill S, Osterloh J. Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2009;19:59–68.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000261779400005&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1038/jes.2008.32Search in Google Scholar

19. Choi BS, Choi SJ, Kim DW, Huang M, Kim NY, Park KS, et al. Effects of repeated seafood consumption on urinary excretion of arsenic species by volunteers. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2010;58:222–9.10.1007/s00244-009-9333-8http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000273665000024&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f3Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Newcombe C, Raab A, Williams PN, Deacon C, Haris PI, Meharg AA, et al. Accumulation or production of arsenobetaine in humans? J Environ Monit 2010;12:832–7.10.1039/b921588cSearch in Google Scholar

21. Raml R, Raber G, Rumpler A, Bauernhofer T, Goessler W, Francesconi KA. Individual variability in the human metabolism of an arsenic-containing carbohydrate, 2’,3’-dihydroxypropyl 5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsinoyl-beta-D-riboside, a naturally occurring arsenical in seafood. Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22:1534–40.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000269892600008&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1021/tx900158hSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Heinrich-Ramm R, Mindt-Prüfert S, Szadkowski D. Arsenic species excretion in a group of persons in northern Germany – contribution to the evaluation of reference values. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2001;203:475–7.10.1078/1438-4639-00060Search in Google Scholar

23. Navas-Acien A, Francesconi KA, Silbergeld EK, Guallar E. Seafood intake and urine concentrations of total arsenic, dimethylarsinate and arsenobetaine in the US population. Environ Res 2011;111:110–8.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000286715300016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1016/j.envres.2010.10.009Search in Google Scholar

24. Lauwerys R, Bernard A, Buchet JP, Roels H, Bruaux P, Claeys F, et al. Does environmental exposure to cadmium represent a health risk? Conclusions from the Cadmibel study. Acta Clin Belg 1991;46:219–25.10.1080/17843286.1991.11718168Search in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Sartor FA, Rondia DJ, Claeys FD, Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Bernard AM, et al. Impact of environmental cadmium pollution on cadmium exposure and body burden. Arch Environ Health 1992;47:347–53.10.1080/00039896.1992.9938373Search in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Buchet JP, Staessen J, Roels H, Lauwerys R, Fagard R. Geographical and temporal differences in the urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic: a Belgian population study. Occup Environ Med 1996;53:320–7.10.1136/oem.53.5.320Search in Google Scholar PubMed

27. De Coster S, Koppen G, Bracke M, Schroijen C, Den Hond E, Nelen V, et al. Pollutant effects on genotoxic parameters and tumor-associated protein levels in adults: a cross sectional study. Environ Health 2008;7:26. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-7-26. Available at: http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/1/26.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000257560300001&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1186/1476-069X-7-26.Availableat:http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/1/26Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Nordberg G, Jin T, Bernard A, Fierens S, Buchet JP, Ye T, et al. Low bone density and renal dysfunction following environmental cadmium exposure in China. Ambio 2002;31:478–81.10.1579/0044-7447-31.6.478Search in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Nordberg GF, Jin T, Wu X, Lu J, Chen L, Lei L, et al. Prevalence of kidney dysfunction in humans – relationship to cadmium dose, metallothionein, immunological and metabolic factors. Biochimie 2009;91:1282–5.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000270636500013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1016/j.biochi.2009.06.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Järup L, Akesson A. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;238:201–18.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000268147600003&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f3Search in Google Scholar

31. Engström A, Michaëlsson K, Suwazono Y, Wolk A, Vahter M, Akesson A. Long-term cadmium exposure and the association with bone mineral density and fractures in a population-based study among women. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:486–95.10.1002/jbmr.224Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Satarug S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Sens DA. Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 210;118:182–90.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000274482400016&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=b7bc2757938ac7a7a821505f8243d9f310.1289/ehp.0901234Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Lauwerys R, Hoet P. Industrial chemical exposure – guidelines for biological monitoring, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 2001.10.1201/9781482293838Search in Google Scholar

34. O’Brien E. Chronology of leaded gasoline – leaded petrol history. The LEAD Group Inc. pp 19. 23 December 2011. Available from: http://www.lead.org.au/Chronology-Making_Leaded_Petrol_History.pdf. Accessed June, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2012-10-11
Accepted: 2012-12-14
Published Online: 2013-01-12
Published in Print: 2013-04-01

©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Letters to the Editor
  2. Missing agreement between the two IMMULITE® PSA assays
  3. “Cerebrovascular stressing”: dipyridamole-induced S100B elevation predicts ischemic cerebrovascular events
  4. Discrepancy in lamellar body counts (LBCs) between the Sysmex XE-2100 and Sysmex XT-2000i instruments
  5. Interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization detection of the 7q11.23 chromosomal inversion in a clinical laboratory: automated versus manual scoring
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stability in preanalytical phase depends on temperature and proteolytic enzyme inhibitor
  7. The impact on costs and efficiency of reducing the number of collected tubes
  8. Improved software on the Sysmex XE-5000 BF mode for counting leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid
  9. First trimester placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 are significantly related to PAPP-A levels
  10. Preliminary evaluation of complete blood cell count on Mindray BC-6800
  11. Rational use of laboratory tests: albuminuria
  12. Masthead
  13. Masthead
  14. Editorials
  15. Fifty years of CCLM – invitation to join us for a reception in Milan
  16. Personalized (laboratory) medicine: a bridge to the future
  17. PSA, PCA3 and the phi losophy of prostate cancer management
  18. Reviews
  19. Gender medicine: a task for the third millennium
  20. Evaluation of [−2] proPSA and Prostate Health Index (phi) for the detection of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  21. Harmonization in laboratory medicine: the complete picture
  22. Opinion Papers
  23. Glycemic control in the clinical management of diabetic patients
  24. Time for a conceptual shift in assessment of internal quality control for whole blood or cell-based testing systems? An evaluation using platelet function and the PFA-100 as a case example
  25. Guidelines and Recommendations
  26. A position paper of the EFLM Committee on Education and Training and Working Group on Distance Education Programmes/E-Learning: developing an e-learning platform for the education of stakeholders in laboratory medicine
  27. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  28. A novel weighted cumulative delta-check method for highly sensitive detection of specimen mix-up in the clinical laboratory
  29. Identification and quantification of hemoglobins in whole blood: the analytical and organizational aspects of Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing compared with agarose electrophoresis and HPLC methods
  30. Determination of the fatty acid profile of neutral lipids, free fatty acids and phospholipids in human plasma
  31. Urinary iodine concentrations of pregnant women in Ukraine
  32. Delay in the measurement of eosin-5′-maleimide (EMA) binding does not affect the test result for the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis
  33. Faecal calprotectin: comparative study of the Quantum Blue rapid test and an established ELISA method
  34. Target analyte quantification by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS directly referring to internal standard concentrations – validation for serum cortisol measurement
  35. Reference Values and Biological Variations
  36. Reference values and upper reference limits for 26 trace elements in the urine of adults living in Belgium
  37. Biological variation and reference change values of common clinical chemistry and haematologic laboratory analytes in the elderly population
  38. Indirect determination of pediatric blood count reference intervals
  39. Cancer Diagnostics
  40. Suitability of quality control materials for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement: inter-method variability of common tumor marker control materials
  41. Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) RNA detection in blood and tissue samples for prostate cancer diagnosis
  42. Serum levels of cancer biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic proteinuric patients: a preliminary study
  43. Infectious Diseases
  44. Polymorphic mononuclear neutrophils CD64 index for diagnosis of sepsis in postoperative surgical patients and critically ill patients
  45. Plasma long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) concentration is a novel marker of disease activity in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2012-0688
Keywords for this article
Belgium; biological monitoring; reference limits; reference values; trace elements; urine

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Letters to the Editor
  2. Missing agreement between the two IMMULITE® PSA assays
  3. “Cerebrovascular stressing”: dipyridamole-induced S100B elevation predicts ischemic cerebrovascular events
  4. Discrepancy in lamellar body counts (LBCs) between the Sysmex XE-2100 and Sysmex XT-2000i instruments
  5. Interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization detection of the 7q11.23 chromosomal inversion in a clinical laboratory: automated versus manual scoring
  6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stability in preanalytical phase depends on temperature and proteolytic enzyme inhibitor
  7. The impact on costs and efficiency of reducing the number of collected tubes
  8. Improved software on the Sysmex XE-5000 BF mode for counting leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid
  9. First trimester placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 are significantly related to PAPP-A levels
  10. Preliminary evaluation of complete blood cell count on Mindray BC-6800
  11. Rational use of laboratory tests: albuminuria
  12. Masthead
  13. Masthead
  14. Editorials
  15. Fifty years of CCLM – invitation to join us for a reception in Milan
  16. Personalized (laboratory) medicine: a bridge to the future
  17. PSA, PCA3 and the phi losophy of prostate cancer management
  18. Reviews
  19. Gender medicine: a task for the third millennium
  20. Evaluation of [−2] proPSA and Prostate Health Index (phi) for the detection of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  21. Harmonization in laboratory medicine: the complete picture
  22. Opinion Papers
  23. Glycemic control in the clinical management of diabetic patients
  24. Time for a conceptual shift in assessment of internal quality control for whole blood or cell-based testing systems? An evaluation using platelet function and the PFA-100 as a case example
  25. Guidelines and Recommendations
  26. A position paper of the EFLM Committee on Education and Training and Working Group on Distance Education Programmes/E-Learning: developing an e-learning platform for the education of stakeholders in laboratory medicine
  27. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  28. A novel weighted cumulative delta-check method for highly sensitive detection of specimen mix-up in the clinical laboratory
  29. Identification and quantification of hemoglobins in whole blood: the analytical and organizational aspects of Capillarys 2 Flex Piercing compared with agarose electrophoresis and HPLC methods
  30. Determination of the fatty acid profile of neutral lipids, free fatty acids and phospholipids in human plasma
  31. Urinary iodine concentrations of pregnant women in Ukraine
  32. Delay in the measurement of eosin-5′-maleimide (EMA) binding does not affect the test result for the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis
  33. Faecal calprotectin: comparative study of the Quantum Blue rapid test and an established ELISA method
  34. Target analyte quantification by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS directly referring to internal standard concentrations – validation for serum cortisol measurement
  35. Reference Values and Biological Variations
  36. Reference values and upper reference limits for 26 trace elements in the urine of adults living in Belgium
  37. Biological variation and reference change values of common clinical chemistry and haematologic laboratory analytes in the elderly population
  38. Indirect determination of pediatric blood count reference intervals
  39. Cancer Diagnostics
  40. Suitability of quality control materials for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement: inter-method variability of common tumor marker control materials
  41. Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) RNA detection in blood and tissue samples for prostate cancer diagnosis
  42. Serum levels of cancer biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic proteinuric patients: a preliminary study
  43. Infectious Diseases
  44. Polymorphic mononuclear neutrophils CD64 index for diagnosis of sepsis in postoperative surgical patients and critically ill patients
  45. Plasma long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) concentration is a novel marker of disease activity in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 21.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2012-0688/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button