Home Medicine Ensuring defined porosity and pore size using ammonium hydrogen carbonate as porosification agent for calcium phosphate scaffolds
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Ensuring defined porosity and pore size using ammonium hydrogen carbonate as porosification agent for calcium phosphate scaffolds

  • Markus Lindner , Karolina Schickle , Christian Bergmann and Horst Fischer EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 25, 2013
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Up to now, it has been very challenging to manufacture a degradable bone replacement material having a specific pore size as well as a specific percentage of porosity which can be set independently of one another. We hypothesize that this is possible by using ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH4HCO3) as porosification agent in varying particle size fractions and varying percentages in combination with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) material to manufacture tailored porous β-TCP scaffolds. In our study the pore sizes of the sintered material were comparable to the selected particle size fraction of the porosification agent. Porosities ranging between 71 and 78 vol.% were achieved. It was possible to control the volume percentage of porosity by using different weight ratios of NH4HCO3 and β-TCP. It can be concluded that ammonium hydrogen carbonate is an excellent porosification agent to design β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. This agent allows the independent setting of a specific pore size range as well as a specific volume percentage of porosity.


Corresponding author: Horst Fischer, Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Phone: +49-241-8080935, Fax: +49-241-80 82027

The authors appreciate the funding by the BMBF (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) (03G0820A) for this study.

References

1. Heide H, Koester K, Lukas H. Neuere Werkstoffe in der medizinischen Technik. Chemie-Ing-Techn 1975;47:327–33.Search in Google Scholar

2. Vallet-Regi M, Gonzales-Calbet JM. Calcium phosphates as substitution of bone tissues. Prog Solid State Chem 2004;32:1–31.Search in Google Scholar

3. Dorozhikin SV. Bioceramics of calcium orthophosphates. Biomaterials 2010;31:1465–85.Search in Google Scholar

4. Metsger DS, Driskell TD, Paulsrud JR. Tricalcium phosphate ceramic, a resorbable bone implant: revise and current status. J Am Dent Assoc 1982;105:1035–8.Search in Google Scholar

5. Ozawa M. Experimental study on bone conductivity and absorbability of the pure β-TCP. J Jap Soc Biomat 1995;13:17–25.Search in Google Scholar

6. Ozawa M, Tanaka K, Morikawa S, Chazono M, Fuji K. Clinical study of the pure β-tricalcium phosphate: reports of 167 cases. J East Jpn Orthop Traumatol 2000;12:409–13.Search in Google Scholar

7. Tanaka T, Kumagae Y, Saito M, Chazono S, Komaki H, Kikuchi T, et al. Bone formation and resorption in patients after implantation of β-tricalcium phosphate blocks with 60% and 75% porosity in opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 2008;86:453–9.Search in Google Scholar

8. von Doernberg MC, von Rechenberg B, Bohner M, Gruenenfelder S, van Lenthe GH, Mueller R, et al. In vivo behaviour of calcium phosphate scaffolds with four different pore sizes. Biomaterials 2006;27:5186–98.Search in Google Scholar

9. Lu JX, Flautre B, Anselme K, Hardoin P, Gallur A, Descamps M, et al. Role of interconnections in porous bioceramics on bone recolonization in vitro and in vivo. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1999;10:111–20.Search in Google Scholar

10. Shimazaki K, Mooney V. Comparative study of porous hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate as bone substitute. J Orthop Res 1985;3:301–10.Search in Google Scholar

11. Schliephake H, Neukam FW, Klosa D. Influence of pore dimensions on bone ingrowth into porous hydroxyapatite blocks used as bone graft substitutes. A histometric study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;20:53–8.Search in Google Scholar

12. Gauthier O, Bouler JM, Aguado E, Pilet P, Daculsi G. Macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: influence of macropore diameter and macroporosity percentage on bone ingrowth. Biomaterials 1998;19:133–9.Search in Google Scholar

13. Flautre B, Descamps M, Delecourt C, Blary MC, Hardouin P. Porous HA ceramic for bone replacement: role of the pores and interconnections – experimental study in the rabbit. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2001;12:679–82.Search in Google Scholar

14. Kotani S, Fujita Y, Kitsugi T, Nakamura T, Yamamuro T. Bone bonding mechanism of beta-tricalcium phosphate. J Biomed Mater Res 1991;25:1303–15.Search in Google Scholar

15. Bohner M. Calcium phosphate emulsions: possible applications. Key Eng Mater 2001;192:765–8.Search in Google Scholar

16. Tadic D, Beckmann F, Schwarz K, Epple M. A novel method to produce hydroxyapatite objects with interconnectingporosity that avoids sintering. Biomaterials 2004;25:3335–40.Search in Google Scholar

17. Bohner M, van Lenthe GH, Gruenfelder S, Hiriger W, Evison R, Mueller R. Synthesis and characterization of porous β-tricalcium phosphate blocks. Biomaterials 2005;26:6099–105.Search in Google Scholar

18. Gittings JP, Turner IG, Miles AW. Calcium phosphate open porous scaffold bioceramics. Key Eng Mater 2005;284:349–52.Search in Google Scholar

19. Hsu YH, Turner IG, Miles AW. Fabrication of porous calcium phosphate bioceramics as synthetic cortical bone graft. Key Eng Mater 2005;284:305–8.Search in Google Scholar

20. Hsu YH, Turner IG, Miles AW. Fabrication and mechanical testing of porous calcium phosphate bioceramic granules. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007;18:2251–6.Search in Google Scholar

21. Karageorgiou V, Kaplan D. Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials 2005;26:5474–91.Search in Google Scholar

22. Studart AR, Gonzenbach UT, Tervoort E, Gauckler LJ. Processing routes to macroporous ceramics: a rewiew. J Am Ceram Soc 2006;89:1771–89.Search in Google Scholar

23. Descamps M, Duhoo T, Monchau F, Luc J, Hardouin P, Hornez JC, et al. Manufacture of macroporous β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2008;28:149–59.Search in Google Scholar

24. Montufar EB, Gil C, Traykova T, Ginebra MP, Planell J. Foamed beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. Key Eng Mater 2008;361:323–6.Search in Google Scholar

25. Yin L, Peng HX, Yang L, Su B. Fabrication of three-dimensional inter-connective porous ceramics via ceramic green machining and bonding. J Eur Ceram Soc 2008;28:531–7.Search in Google Scholar

26. Sarin P, Lee SJ, Apostolov ZD, Kriven WM. Porous biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds from cuttlefish bone. J Am Ceram Soc 2011;94:2362–70.Search in Google Scholar

27. Bram M, Stiller C, Buchkremer HP, Stoever D, Baur H. High-porosity titanium, stainless steel, and superalloy parts. Adv Eng Mater 2000;2:196–9.Search in Google Scholar

28. International centre for diffraction data (ICDD) database PDF4+ 2009. Powder diffraction file 00-009-0169.Search in Google Scholar

29. Bouler JM, Trecant M, Delecrin J, Royer J, Passuti N, Daculsi G. Macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: influence of five synthesis parameters on compressive strength. J Biomed Mater Res 1996;32:603–9.Search in Google Scholar

30. GESTIS materials database. Naphthalin ZVG-number 15510.Search in Google Scholar

31. Bohner M, Baumgart F. Theoretical model to determine the effects of geometrical factors on the resorption of calcium phosphate bone substitutes. Biomaterials 2004;25:3569–82.Search in Google Scholar

32. Giesen EB, Ding M, Dalstra M, van Eijden TM. Mechanical properties of cancellous bone in the human mandibular condyle are anisotropic. J Biomech 2001;34: 799–803.Search in Google Scholar

33. GESTIS materials database. Tricalcium phosphat ZVG-number 4880.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2012-12-12
Accepted: 2013-4-16
Published Online: 2013-05-25
Published in Print: 2013-09-01

©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston

Downloaded on 27.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/bnm-2012-0005/html
Scroll to top button