Abstract
While United Nations Security Council sanctioned peacekeeping minimizes free riding because a universal funding formula is applied to all UN members, there are political constraints on both how much money is available, and which missions the Council will approve. We argue that resulting from these constraints five other international peacekeeping organizational arrangements have come into existence – those through alliances, bespoke coalitions, hybrid between different organizations, location specific and UN Trust Funds. We examine the economic characteristics that frame the requirements for these peacekeeping organizations to come into operation.
References
Arce, D. G. 2001. “Leadership and the Aggregation of International Collective Action.” Oxford Economic Papers 53 (1): 114–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/53.1.114.Suche in Google Scholar
Berkok, U. 2006. “Third-Country Demand for Peacekeeping.” Defence and Peace Economics 17 (5): 473–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690600888239.Suche in Google Scholar
Bobrow, D. B., and M. A. Boyer. 1997. “Maintaining System Stability: Contributions to Peacekeeping Operations.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (6): 723–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002797041006001.Suche in Google Scholar
Chang, Yang-Ming, and S. Sanders. 2009. “Raising the Cost of Rebellion: The Role of Third- Party Intervention in Intrastate Conflict.” Defence and Peace Economics 20 (3): 149–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690802221742.Suche in Google Scholar
Cogan, M. S., and H. Sakai. 2022. “Conceptualizing Bespoke Peacebuilding.” In Alternative Perspectives on Peacebuilding. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, edited by Cogan, and Sakai. Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-031-05756-4Suche in Google Scholar
Coleman, K. P. 2014. The Political Economy of UN Peacekeeping: Incentivizing Effective Participation. New York: International Peace Institute. May.Suche in Google Scholar
Congressional Budget Office. 2024. United Nations Issues: U.S. Funding of U.N. Peacekeeping. April 9th.Suche in Google Scholar
Daudelin, J., and J. M. Seymore. 2002. “Peace Operations Finance and the Political Economy of a Way Out.” International Peacekeeping 9 (2): 99–117.10.1080/714002727Suche in Google Scholar
Dean, J. 2000. OSCE and NATO: Complementary or Competitive Security Providers for Europe?, 1999, 429–34. Baden-Baden: OSCE Yearbook.Suche in Google Scholar
Feldman, A. 1980. Welfare Economics and Social Choice Theory. Leiden: Kluwer Nijhoff.10.1007/978-1-4615-8141-3Suche in Google Scholar
Fetterly, R. 2006. “A Review of Peacekeeping Financing Methods.” Defence and Peace Economics 15 (5): 395–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690600888189.Suche in Google Scholar
Friedman, J. 1971. “A Non-cooperative Equilibrium for Supergames.” The Review of Economic Studies 38 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2307/2296617.Suche in Google Scholar
Gates, W. R., and K. L. Terasawa. 2003. “Reconsidering Publicness in Alliance Defense Expenditures: NATO Expansion and Burden Sharing.” Defence and Peace Economics 14 (5): 369–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690302924.Suche in Google Scholar
Gonzalez, P., and D. Montolio. 2001. “Has Spain Been Free-Riding in NATO? An Econometric Approach.” Defence and Peace Economics 12: 465–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404999.Suche in Google Scholar
Haacker, M., T. B. Hallett, and R. Atun. 2020. “On Discount Rates for Economic Evaluations in Global Health.” Health Policy and Planning 35 (1): 107–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz127.Suche in Google Scholar
Hallwood, P. 2014. Economics of the Oceans: Rights, Rents and Resources. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203083611Suche in Google Scholar
Jentzsch, C. 2014. “Opportunities and Challenges to Financing African Union Peace Operations.” African Peace and Security Review 4 (2): 86–107. https://doi.org/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.4.2.86.Suche in Google Scholar
Kavanagh, J., S. Absher, N. Chandler, A. M. Tabatabai, J. Martini, S. J. Bae, H. J. Byrne, and M. Shurkin. 2021. Building Military Coalitions Lessons from U.S. Experience. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.Suche in Google Scholar
Khanna, J., T. Sandler, and H. Shimizu. 1998. “Sharing the Financial Burden for UN and NATO Peacekeeping, 1976-1996.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (2): 176–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002798042002003.Suche in Google Scholar
Mas-Colell, A., M. D. Whinston, and J. R. Green. 1995. Microeconomic Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Mendez, R. P. 1999. “Peace as a Global Public Good.” In Global Public Goods, edited by I. Kaul, I. Grunberg, and M. A. Stern. Oxford: Published for the United Nations Development Program by Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Mironova, V., and S. Whitt. 2017. “International Peacekeeping and Positive Peace: Evidence from Kosovo.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61 (10): 2074–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715604886.Suche in Google Scholar
Moore, M. J., and W. K. Viscusi. 1988. “The Quality Adjusted Value of Life.” Economic Inquiry 26 (3): 365–85.10.1111/j.1465-7295.1988.tb01502.xSuche in Google Scholar
Moore, M. J., and W. K. Viscusi. 1990a. “Models for Discounting: Discount Rates for Long- Term Health Risk Using Labor Market Data.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 3: 381–401.10.1007/BF00353348Suche in Google Scholar
Moore, M. J., and W. K. Viscusi. 1990b. “Discounting Environmental Health Risk: New Evidence and Policy Implications.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18: S51–S62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(90)90037-y.Suche in Google Scholar
Murithi, T. 2005. The African Union: Pan-Africanism, Peacebuilding and Development. London: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Olson, M., and R. Zeckhauser. 1966. “An Economic Theory of Alliances.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 48 (3): 266–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/1927082.Suche in Google Scholar
Regan, P. M. 1998. “Choosing to Intervene: Outside Interventions into Internal Conflicts as a Policy Choice.” The Journal of Politics 60 (3): 754–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647647.Suche in Google Scholar
Segell, G. 2008. “The First NATO Mission to Africa : Darfur.” Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies 36 (2): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5787/36-2-49.Suche in Google Scholar
Seiglie, C. 2005. “Efficient Peacekeeping for a New World Order.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 11 (2). https://doi.org/10.2202/1554-8597.1088.Suche in Google Scholar
Shanmugam, K. R. 2006. “Rate of Time Preference and the Quantity Adjusted Value of Life in India.” Environment and Development Economics 11 (5): 569–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x06003135.Suche in Google Scholar
Shimizu, H. 2005. “An Economic Analysis of the UN Peacekeeping Assessment System.” Defence and Peace Economics 16 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1024269052000323515.Suche in Google Scholar
Taylor, M. 1976. Anarchy and Cooperation. New York: Wiley.Suche in Google Scholar
Telser, L. G. 1980. “A Theory of Self-Enforcing Agreements.” Journal of Business 53 (1): 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1086/296069.Suche in Google Scholar
U.N. 2011a. UN Peacekeeping Operations: Year in Review.Suche in Google Scholar
U.N. 2011b. Security Council Extends Mandate of African Union Mission in Somalia until 31 October 2012. Adopting Resolution 2010.Suche in Google Scholar
U.N. 2019. “How We Are Funded.” https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/how-we-are-funded#:∼:text=Countries%20volunteering%20uniformed%20personnel%20to,budgets%20established%20for%20each%20operation.Suche in Google Scholar
U.N. 2024. “Political and Rebuilding Affairs.” https://dppa.un.org/en/african-union.Suche in Google Scholar
U.N. General Accounting Office. 1997. Limitations in Leading Missions Requiring Force to Restore Peace. GAO/NSIAD-97-34.Suche in Google Scholar
Williams, P. D. 2020. “The Security Council’s Peacekeeping Trilemma.” International Affairs 96 (2): 479–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz199.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- FRAND Licensing of Standard-Essential Patents: Comparing Realistic Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Contracts
- To Commit or Not to Commit in Product-Innovation Timing Games
- Coordinated Minimum Wage Policies: Impacts on EU-Level Income Inequality
- Regulatory Contestability and Cost Pass-Through
- Explaining the Economic Characteristics of Different International Peacekeeping Institutions
- Setting Reserve Prices in Repeated Procurement Auctions
- Public and Private School Grade Inflation Patterns in Secondary Education
- Estimating Labor Supply Elasticities in Korea: The Role of Limited Commitment Between Spouses
- Strategic Brand Proliferation: Monopoly versus Duopoly
- Letter
- Parental Investments During Labor Shocks: Evidence from Vietnam’s Marine Disaster
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- FRAND Licensing of Standard-Essential Patents: Comparing Realistic Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Contracts
- To Commit or Not to Commit in Product-Innovation Timing Games
- Coordinated Minimum Wage Policies: Impacts on EU-Level Income Inequality
- Regulatory Contestability and Cost Pass-Through
- Explaining the Economic Characteristics of Different International Peacekeeping Institutions
- Setting Reserve Prices in Repeated Procurement Auctions
- Public and Private School Grade Inflation Patterns in Secondary Education
- Estimating Labor Supply Elasticities in Korea: The Role of Limited Commitment Between Spouses
- Strategic Brand Proliferation: Monopoly versus Duopoly
- Letter
- Parental Investments During Labor Shocks: Evidence from Vietnam’s Marine Disaster