Judicial Practice as Islamic Law: The ʿAmal of Fez in Post-Classical Mālikī Legal Tradition
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Ari Schriber
Abstract
ʿAmal (judicial practice) is a critical feature of post-classical Mālikī law in the Maghrib. The scholars who have examined ʿamal contend that it presents a paradigm of Mālikī law’s flexibility and judicial responsiveness to custom (ʿurf). However, ʿamal also constitute a significant part of the regional Islamic juristic literature produced from approximately the 17th to nineteenth centuries. In this article, I examine how ʿamal of Fez became not only widely practiced but part of the mainstream Mālikī jurisprudential discourse in Morocco. I argue that understanding Islamic law’s mechanisms for discursive stability is critical for its well-established capacity to change through principles like ʿamal. I do so by analyzing three practices that contravened the prevailing Mālikī rule yet were widely practiced as ʿamal of Fez: female witnesses for spousal defects, the ṣafqa unilateral shared property sale, and the lafīfiyya twelve-person testimony (plus a fourth “counter-example,” the abandonment of the mutual spousal cursing oath (liʿān), that reinforces the argument). I pay special attention to jurists’ discursive techniques for entrenching ʿamal in Mālikī history and precedence in classical substantive Mālikī rules. In the end, I call to acknowledge ʿamal’s inextricable status as Islamic law in Morocco and beyond.
Acknowledgment
I acknowledge the University of Toronto Arts and Sciences Postdoctoral Fellowship and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship during which I undertook the research and writing of this article. I thank the participants of the workshop “Normalisation sociale et stabilisation doctrinale du maḏhab mālikite” (University of Lausanne, May 2023), organized by Clément Salah and Wissam Halawi, for their comments on the presentation that served as the basis of this article. Special thanks are due to Delfina Serrano Ruano for her insightful comments on an earlier version of this article along with the constructive feedback of two anonymous reviewers. Any remaining errors are mine alone.
Appendix: Non-Exhaustive Juristic Sources of Fāsī ʿAmal, 10th/16th–14th/19th Centuries
Metered compilations of Fāsī ʿamal:
al-Lāmiyya – ʿAli b. Qāsim al-Tuğībī (al-Zaqqāq) (d. 912/1507)
al-ʿAmal al-Fāsī – ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Fāsī (d. 1096/1686)
al-ʿAmal al-muṭlaq – Muḥammad b. Abī l-Qāsim al-Siğilmāsī (d. 1214/1800)
Commentaries (šurūḥ) and glosses (ḥawāš in ) on the ʿamal compilations:
Fatḥ al-ʿalīm al-ḫallāq fī šarḥ Lāmiyyat al-Zaqqāq – Commentary of Aḥmad Mayyāra (d. 1072/1662) → al-Lāmiyya
al-Amaliyyāt al-fāshiyya min šarḥ al-ʿamaliyyāt al-Fāsiyya – Commentary of Saʿīd b. Abī l-Qāsim al-ʿAmīrī (d. 1178/1764-5) → al-ʿAmal al-Fāsī
Commentary of al-Siğilmāsī → al-ʿAmal al-Fāsī
Fatḥ al-ğalīl al-ṣamad fī šarḥ al-takmīl wa-l-muʿtamad (al-ʿAmaliyyāt al-ʿāmma) – Commentary of al-Siğilmāsī → al-ʿAmal al-muṭlaq
Tuḥfat al-ḥaḏḏāq bi-šarḥ Lāmiyyat al-Zaqqāq – Commentary of Abū Ḥafaṣ ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Fāsī (d. 1188/1774) → al-Lāmiyya
Commentary of Muḥammad al-Tawūdī b. Sūda (d. 1209/1795) → al-Lāmiyya
Gloss of al-Tasūlī (d. 1258/1842) → Commentary of al-Tawūdī b. Sūda → al-Lāmiyya
Gloss of Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Wazzānī (d. 1342/1923) → Commentary of al-Tawūdī b. Sūda → al-Lāmiyya
al-Šifāʾ allaḏī lā yuġādir saqam an wa-lā baʾs – Commentary of al-Wazzānī (extended) → al-ʿAmal al-Fāsī
Tuḥfat akyās al-nās bi-šarḥ ʿamaliyyāt Fās – Commentary of al-Wazzānī (abbreviated) →al-ʿAmal al-Fāsī
Iḍāʾat al-nibrās ʿalā ğanā zahr al-ās fī šarḥ naẓm ʿAmal Fās – Commentary of ʿAbd al- Ṣamad Gannūn (d. 1352/1933) → al-ʿAmal al-Fāsī
Ḥādī al-rifāq ilā fahm Lāmiyyat al-Zaqqāq – Commentary of Aḥmad al-Rahūnī (d.1373/1953) → al-Lāmiyya
Topical treatises:
The lafīfiyya testimony: al-Šahāda al-lafīfiyya – Muḥammad al-ʿArabī al-Fāsī (d. 1052/1642)
The ṣafqa sale: Tuḥfat al-aṣḥāb wa-l-rifqa bi-baʿḍ masāʾil bayʿ al-ṣafqa – Muḥammad b. Ahmad Mayyāra (d. 1072/1662)
Other texts including Fāsī ʿamal:
Gloss of Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Rahūni (d. 1230/1815) → Commentary of ʿAbd al-Bāqī b. Yūsuf al- Zurqānī (d. 1099/1688) → Muḫtaṣar Ḫalīl b. Isḥāq al-Ğundī (d. 776/1374)
Commentary of al-Tawūdī → Tuḥfat al-ḥukkām of Abū Bakr Ibn ʿĀṣim (d. 829/1426)
al-Bahğa fī šarḥ al-Tuḥfa – Commentary of al-Tasūlī → Tuḥfat al-ḥukkām of Ibn ʿĀṣim
al-Nawāzil al-fiqhiyya - nawāzil collection of Muḥammad al-ʻArabī al-Zarhūnī (d. 1260/1844)
al-Nawāzil al-ğadīda al-kubrā fīmā li-ahl Fās wa-ġayrihim min al-badw wa-l-qurā al-musammā bi-l-Miʿyār al-ğadīd al-ğāmiʿ al-muʿrib ʿan fatāwā al-mutaʾaḫḫirīn min ʿulamāʾ al-Maġrib – “Large” nawāzil collection of al-Wazzānī
al-Nawāzil al-ṣuġrā al-musammāʾa al-minaḥ al-sāmiyya fī al-nawāzil al-fiqhiyya – “Small” nawāzil collection of al-Wazzānī
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Artikel in diesem Heft
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- Editorial
- Shaping the norm: Social and doctrinal development of the Mālikī maḏhab
- Aufsätze – Articles – Articles
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Shaping the norm: Social and doctrinal development of the Mālikī maḏhab
- Aufsätze – Articles – Articles
- Early Mālikī Manuscripts: A Retrospective
- L’émergence du mašhūr mālikite (IVe-VIe/Xe-XIIe siècle): harmonisation de la norme juridique et crise de l’autorité en Occident musulman
- Coping with External and Internal Disintegration Forces: Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ and the Stabilization of Mālikīsm in the Maghrib
- Du mālikisme dans les Nukat al-maḥṣūl d’Abū Bakr b. al-ʿArabī (m. 543/1148). Contribution à l’histoire des uṣūl al-fiqh en Occident musulman
- La validité de la prière communautaire en milieu oasien : élaboration d’une jurisprudence saharienne (ixe/xve s.)
- Who Wrote the Replies to al-Īsī? Islamization in the Sahel and Trans-Saharan Slavery in Early Modern Mālikī Fatāwā
- Judicial Practice as Islamic Law: The ʿAmal of Fez in Post-Classical Mālikī Legal Tradition
- Les dynamiques contemporaines du mālikisme francophone
- Rechenschaftsbericht 2023
- Rechenschaftsbericht 2023
