Résumé
Les Nukat al-Maḥṣūl constituent le dernier des trois traités de théorie légale (uṣūl al-fiqh) écrits par le Qāḍī Abū Bakr b. al-ʿArabī (m. 543/1248) et surtout le seul à nous être parvenu. S’il est traditionnellement affilié au mālikisme, il ne faut pas oublier que la pensée légale du Qāḍī s’est construite en Orient et a été influencée par celle de maîtres appartenant à d’autres écoles juridiques (maḏhab pl. maḏāhib), tels le ḥanbalite Ibn ʿAqīl (m. 513/1119), et surtout le šāfiʿite Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī (m. 505/1111). Cette tendance à l’éclectisme, interprétée a posteriori comme un penchant pour l’effort de déduction (iǧtihād), traverse le texte des Nukat, ce qui nous amène à nous demander si celui-ci est vraiment un traité d’uṣūl al-fiqh mālikite. Le présent article vise donc à examiner la place de ce texte dans la tradition mālikite andalouse, en l’analysant à la lumière des éléments caractéristiques de l’école juridique, telle la pratique des Gens de Médine ou la considération de l’intérêt public (maṣlaḥa) dans la déduction juridique. Ceci permettra par la même occasion d’apporter un éclairage sur la pensée légale d’Ibn al-ʿArabī.
Abstract
The Nukat al-Maḥṣūl is the last of the three treatises on uṣūl al-fiqh written by the Qāḍī Abū Bakr Ibn al-ʿArabī (543/1248) and, above all, the only one to have come down to us. While the Sevillian is traditionally affiliated with Malikism, it should not be forgotten that his legal thought was constructed in the East and was influenced by that of masters belonging to other schools, such as the ḥanbalite Ibn ʿAqīl, and especially the šāfiʿite Abu Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī. This tendency towards eclecticism interpreted a posteriori as a leaning towards iǧtihād runs through the Nukat, which leads us to question whether or not this text is a treatise of Maliki uṣūl al-fiqh. The present article, therefore, aims to examine the place of this text in the Maliki tradition, analyzing it in the light of the characteristic elements of the school, such as the practice of the Medina people or the consideration of public interest (maṣlaḥa) in the legal deduction. This will at the same time shed light on Ibn al-ʿArabī’s legal thought.
Annexe 1: Liste des Mālikites auteurs de traités d’uṣūl antérieurs à Ibn al-ʿArabī (543/1248)
(Cf. Ḥayyān 2003, al-Maṣādir al-uṣūliyya)
III e siècle | |
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Aṣbaġ b. al-Faraǧ (m. 220/835) | Kitāb fī l-uṣūl |
Muḥammad b. Saḥnūn (m. 256/870) | Kitāb al-ibāḥa |
Qāsim b. Sayyār al-Qurṭubī (m. 278/891) | Al-radd ʿalā l-muqallida |
al-Qāḍī Ismāʿīl b. Isḥāq (m. 282/895) | Kitāb al-uṣūl |
Yaḥyā b. ʿUmar al-Kinānī (m. 279/892) | “kutub fī r-radd ʿalā l-Šāfiʿī” |
Zakariyyā b. Yaḥyā al-Kilāʿī (m. 300/912) | Kitāb fī l-uṣūl |
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IV e siècle | |
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ʿUmar b. Muḥammad al-Kulāʿī (m. 328/939) | Kitāb fī r-radd ʿalā man ankar iǧmāʿ ahl al-madīna |
Ibn al-Warrāq al-Marwazī (m. 329/940) | Al-radd ʿalā Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan |
ʿAbd al-Malik b. al-ʿĀṣī al-Saʿdī al-Qurṭubī (m. 330/941) | Kitāb al-dalāʾil ʿalā maḏhab al-Madaniyyīn |
Kitāb al-dalāʾil ʿalā uṣūl al-iḥtiǧaǧ | |
Kitāb al-radd ʿalā l-ʿamal bimā rawāh | |
Abū l-Faraǧ al-Layṯī al-Baġdādī (m. 311/923) | Al-Lumaʿ fī uṣūl al-fiqh |
Abū l-Faḍl b. al-ʿAlāʾ al-Qušayrī (m. 344/956) | Kitāb uṣūl al-fiqh; Kitāb al-qiyās; Kitāb Maʾāḫiḏ al-uṣūl |
Muḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Muǧāhid al-Ṭāʾī (m. 370/982) | Kitāb fī uṣūl al-fiqh ʿalā maḏhab Mālik |
Abū Bakr al-Abharī (m. 375/987) | Kitāb al-uṣūl; Kitāb iǧmāʿ Ahl al-Madīna |
Abū Muḥammad al-Aṣīlī (m. 392/1004) | Kitāb al-Dalāʾil |
Abū ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḫuwayzmindād (m. 390/1002) | Al-Ǧāmiʿ fī uṣūl al-fiqh |
Ibn al-Qaṣṣār (m. 397/1009) | ʿUyūn al-adilla fī masāʾil al-ḫilāf; Kitāb al-Muqaddima fī l-uṣūl |
Al-Qāḍi Ibn Maysara (?) | Kitāb Iǧmāʿ Ahl al-Madīna |
Abū Tammām al-Baṣrī (?) | Kitāb fī uṣūl al-fiqh |
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V e siècle | |
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Abū Ǧaʿfar al-Dāwudī (m. 402/1014) | Kitāb al-uṣūl |
Ibn al-Faḫḫār al-Qurṭubī (m. 417/1029) | Kitāb al-Intiṣār li-Ahl al-Madīna |
Al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Baġdādī (m. 422/1034) | Al-Ifāda; al-Talḫīṣ; al-Marwazī; al-Muqaddima |
Ibn ʿAmrūs al-Bazzāz al-Baġdādī (m. 452/1064) | Muqaddima fī uṣūl al-fiqh |
Abū l-Faḍl al-Qayrawānī al-Tamīmī (m. 479/1091) | Al-Fuṣūl fī maʿrifat al-uṣūl |
Abū l-Qāsim al-Bāǧī (m. 493/1105) | Miʿyār al-naẓar; Sirr al-naẓar |
Annexe 2: Plan des Nukat al-Maḥṣūl
(Cf. Amharar 2023)
Préambule | Définitions |
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Premier chapitre introductif | Cinq questions sur la charge légale |
Deuxième chapitre introductif | Dix prérequis de langue |
Troisième chapitre introductif | Cinq questions sur le discours clair (bayān) |
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Table des matières établie par l’auteur | |
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Chapitre I | Quinze questions sur l’ordre |
Chapitre II | Six questions sur la défense |
Chapitre III | Douze questions sur la portée générale |
Chapitre IV | Six questions sur l’exception (istiṯnāʾ) |
Chapitre V | Vingt questions sur l’interprétation |
Chapitre VI | Trois questions sur l’énoncé implicite (mafhūm) et trois catégories d’absolu et de stipulé (muṭlaq wa muqayyd) |
Chapitre VII | Douze questions sur les informations traditionnelles (aḫbār) |
Chapitre VIII | Cinq questions sur les actes du Prophète |
Chapitre IX | Six questions sur le consensus (iǧmāʿ) |
Chapitre X | Dix sections sur l’analogie |
Chapitre XI | Quatre chapitres sur l’abrogation |
Chapitre XII | Seize cas de prévalence (tarǧīḥ) |
Chapitre XIII | Trois sections sur l’iǧtihād |
Chapitre XIV | Cinq sections sur le conformisme (taqlid) |
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© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Shaping the norm: Social and doctrinal development of the Mālikī maḏhab
- Aufsätze – Articles – Articles
- Early Mālikī Manuscripts: A Retrospective
- L’émergence du mašhūr mālikite (IVe-VIe/Xe-XIIe siècle): harmonisation de la norme juridique et crise de l’autorité en Occident musulman
- Coping with External and Internal Disintegration Forces: Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ and the Stabilization of Mālikīsm in the Maghrib
- Du mālikisme dans les Nukat al-maḥṣūl d’Abū Bakr b. al-ʿArabī (m. 543/1148). Contribution à l’histoire des uṣūl al-fiqh en Occident musulman
- La validité de la prière communautaire en milieu oasien : élaboration d’une jurisprudence saharienne (ixe/xve s.)
- Who Wrote the Replies to al-Īsī? Islamization in the Sahel and Trans-Saharan Slavery in Early Modern Mālikī Fatāwā
- Judicial Practice as Islamic Law: The ʿAmal of Fez in Post-Classical Mālikī Legal Tradition
- Les dynamiques contemporaines du mālikisme francophone
- Rechenschaftsbericht 2023
- Rechenschaftsbericht 2023
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Shaping the norm: Social and doctrinal development of the Mālikī maḏhab
- Aufsätze – Articles – Articles
- Early Mālikī Manuscripts: A Retrospective
- L’émergence du mašhūr mālikite (IVe-VIe/Xe-XIIe siècle): harmonisation de la norme juridique et crise de l’autorité en Occident musulman
- Coping with External and Internal Disintegration Forces: Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ and the Stabilization of Mālikīsm in the Maghrib
- Du mālikisme dans les Nukat al-maḥṣūl d’Abū Bakr b. al-ʿArabī (m. 543/1148). Contribution à l’histoire des uṣūl al-fiqh en Occident musulman
- La validité de la prière communautaire en milieu oasien : élaboration d’une jurisprudence saharienne (ixe/xve s.)
- Who Wrote the Replies to al-Īsī? Islamization in the Sahel and Trans-Saharan Slavery in Early Modern Mālikī Fatāwā
- Judicial Practice as Islamic Law: The ʿAmal of Fez in Post-Classical Mālikī Legal Tradition
- Les dynamiques contemporaines du mālikisme francophone
- Rechenschaftsbericht 2023
- Rechenschaftsbericht 2023