A longitudinal study at an English medium instruction university in Turkey: the interplay between English language improvement and academic success
-
Doğan Yuksel
, Adem Soruç , Mehmet Altay and Samantha Curle
Abstract
This article reports a quantitative empirical study that investigated whether English language proficiency increases over time when studying academic content through English Medium Instruction (EMI). It was also investigated whether an increase in proficiency predicts EMI academic achievement. Student English language test score data and Grade Point Average (GPA) data were collected from a public university in Turkey. Two academic subjects were compared: Business Administration (a Social Science subject, n = 81) and Mechatronics Engineering (a Mathematics, Physical and Life Sciences subject, n = 84). Results showed that in both subjects, English language proficiency statistically significantly improved over a four-year period of studying through English. Furthermore, this improvement predicted EMI academic achievement; meaning that the more proficient students became in English, the higher they achieved in their EMI academic studies. This provides evidence for policymakers, EMI practitioners, and language professionals around the world that English does improve when studying academic content through English, and that this improvement has a positive effect on content learning outcomes. Implications of these findings, and suggestions for further research are discussed.
References
Altay, Mehmet, Adem Soruc, Dogan Yuksel & Samantha Curle. under review. Investigating academic achievement of English Medium Instruction courses in Turkey: The influence of English proficiency, first language medium, academic subject. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.Search in Google Scholar
Bacon, Susan M. 1992. The relationship between gender, comprehension, processing strategies, and cognitive and affective response in foreign language listening. Modern Language Journal 76/2. 160–178.10.1111/j.1540-4781.1992.tb01096.xSearch in Google Scholar
Belhiah, Hassan & Maha Elhami. 2015. English as a medium of instruction in the Gulf: When students, teachers speak. Language Policy 14. 3–23.10.1007/s10993-014-9336-9Search in Google Scholar
Briggs, Jessica Baffoe-Djan, Julie Dearden & Ernesto Macaro. 2018. English medium instruction: Comparing teacher beliefs in secondary, tertiary education. Studies in Second Language Learning, Teaching 8/3. 673–696.10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.3.7Search in Google Scholar
Byun, Kiyong, Huijung Chu, Minjung Kim, Innwo Park, Suhong Kim & Juyoung Jung. 2011. ‘English-medium teaching in Korean higher education: Policy debates, reality,’ Higher Education 62/4. 431–449.10.1007/s10734-010-9397-4Search in Google Scholar
Cambridge, ESOL. 2014. Cambridge Proficiency English Test. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Cho, Yeonsuk & Brent Bridgeman. 2012. Relationship of TOEFL iBT® scores to academic performance: Some evidence from American universities. Language Testing 29/3. 421–442.10.1177/0265532211430368Search in Google Scholar
Curle, Samantha. 2018. Stakeholders’ attitudes towards English Medium of Instruction for academic subjects in the Japanese higher education context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.Search in Google Scholar
Curle, Samantha, Dogan Yuksel, Adem Soruç & Mehmet Altay. 2020. Predictors of English medium instruction academic success: English proficiency versus first language medium. System 95. 1–11.10.1016/j.system.2020.102378Search in Google Scholar
Dafouz, Emma, Miñano Camacho, M. María-del-Mar & Elena Urquia-Grande. 2014. “Surely they can’t do as well”: A comparison of business students’ academic performance in English-medium, Spanish-as-a-first-language medium programs. Language, Education 28/3. 223–236.10.1080/09500782.2013.808661Search in Google Scholar
Dearden, Julie. 2014. English as a medium of instruction—A growing global phenomenon. London: British Council.Search in Google Scholar
Dearden, Julie. 2018. The changing roles of EMI academics, English language specialists. In Yasemin Kırkgöz & Kenan Dikilitaş (eds.), Key issues in English for specific purposes in higher education, 323–338. Springer International Publishing.10.1007/978-3-319-70214-8_18Search in Google Scholar
Dearden, Julie & Ernesto Macaro. 2016. Higher education teachers’ attitudes towards English medium instruction: A three-country comparison. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 6(3). 455–486. 10.14746/sllt.2016.6.3.5.10.14746/sllt.2016.6.3.5Search in Google Scholar
Doiz, Aintzane, David Lasagabaster & Juan Manuel Sierra. 2012. English-Medium Instruction at Universities: Global Challenges. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847698162Search in Google Scholar
Doiz, Aintzane & David Lasagabaster. 2020. Dealing with language issues in English-medium instruction at university: A comprehensive approach. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23/3. 257–262.10.1080/13670050.2020.1727409Search in Google Scholar
Galloway, Nicola, Takuya Numajiri & Nerys Rees. 2020. ‘The ‘internationalisation’, or ‘Englishisation’, of higher education in East Asia. Higher Education 80: 395–414.10.1007/s10734-019-00486-1Search in Google Scholar
Gajewsky, Ellen. 2019. Students’ English Language Proficiency, Success in A Nursing Program. Michigan: Oakland University Unpublished doctoral thesis.Search in Google Scholar
Ghenghesh, Pauline. 2014. ‘The relationship between English proficiency, academic performance of university students – Should academic institutions really be concerned? International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature 4(2). 91–97.10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.4n.2p.91Search in Google Scholar
Hair, Joseph, William Black, Barry Babin & Rolph Anderson. 2010. Multivariate data analysis : A global perspective. London: Pearson Education.Search in Google Scholar
Hu, Guangwei & Jun Lei. 2014. English-medium instruction in Chinese higher education: A case study. High Education (67). 551–567. 10.1007/s10734-013-9661-5.10.1007/s10734-013-9661-5Search in Google Scholar
Huang, Hongdu & Samantha Curle. 2001. Higher education medium of instruction and career prospects: An exploration of current and graduated. Journal of Education and Work. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13639080.2021.1922617.Search in Google Scholar
Inan, Banu, Dogan Yuksel & Serkan Gurkan. 2012. Expectations of department lecturers/or professors from prep school education, preparatory English language lessons. Procedia – Social, Behavioral Sciences 46. 3164–3171.10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.030Search in Google Scholar
Jiang, Li, Lawrence Jun Zhang & Stephen May. 2019. Implementing English-medium instruction (EMI) in China: Teachers’ practices and perceptions, and students’ learning motivation and needs. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 22(2). 107–119.10.1080/13670050.2016.1231166Search in Google Scholar
Karabulut, Ömer. 2001. Yabancı dille eğitim yıkımdır [Foreign-medium instruction is devastation]. Cumhuriyet, February 23. www.dilimiz.com.tr/makaleler.Search in Google Scholar
Kılıçkaya, Ferit. 2006. “Instructors” attitudes towards English-medium instruction in Turkey. Humanising Language Teaching 8(6). 1–9.Search in Google Scholar
Kırkgöz, Yasemin. 2005. Motivation, student perception of studying in an English-medium university. Journal of Language, Linguistic Studies 1/1. 101–123.Search in Google Scholar
Kırkgöz, Yasemin. 2013. Students’ approaches to learning in an English-medium higher education. The Journal of Language Teaching, Learning 2. 30–39.Search in Google Scholar
Kırkgöz, Yasemin. 2014. Students’ perceptions of English language versus Turkish language used as the medium of instruction in higher education in Turkey. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature, History of Turkish or Turkic 9(12). 443–459.Search in Google Scholar
Köksal, Aydın. 2002. Yabancı dilde öğretim: Türkiye’nin büyük yanılgısı [Education in foreign language: Turkey’s important mistake] 2. Baskı, 2nd ed. Ankara: Öğretmen Dünyası.Search in Google Scholar
Kuteeva, Maria & John Airey. 2014. Disciplinary differences in the use of English in higher education: Reflections on recent language policy developments. Higher Education 67. 533–549.10.1007/s10734-013-9660-6Search in Google Scholar
Lasagabaster, David. 2016. The relationship between motivation, gender, L1 and possible selves in English-medium instruction. International Journal of Multilingualism 13. 315–332.10.1080/14790718.2015.1105806Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Young-Ju & Jennifer Greene. 2007. The predictive validity of an ESL placement test: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1(4). 366–389. 10.1177/1558689807306148.10.1177/1558689807306148Search in Google Scholar
Lei, Jun & Guangwei Hu. 2014. Is English-medium instruction effective in improving Chinese undergraduate students’ English competence? International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 52/2. 99–126.10.1515/iral-2014-0005Search in Google Scholar
Li, Miao. 2018. The effectiveness of a bilingual education program at a Chinese university: A case study of social science majors. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 21/8. 897–912.10.1080/13670050.2016.1231164Search in Google Scholar
Macaro, Ernesto & Mustafa Akincioglu. 2018. Turkish university students’ perceptions about English medium instruction: Exploring year group, gender, university type as variables. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 39/3. 256–270.10.1080/01434632.2017.1367398Search in Google Scholar
Macaro, Ernesto. 2015. English medium instruction: Time to start asking some difficult questions. Modern English Teacher 24/2. 4–8.Search in Google Scholar
Macaro, Ernesto. 2018. English medium instruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Macaro, Ernesto, Samantha Curle, Jack Pun, Jiangshan An & Julie Dearden. 2018. A systematic review of English medium instruction in higher education. Language Teaching 51(1). 36–76. 10.1017/S0261444817000350.10.1017/S0261444817000350Search in Google Scholar
Margić, Branka Drljača & Irena Vodopija Krstanović. 2016. Uncovering English-medium instruction: Global issues in higher education. New York: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
McKinley, Jim & Heath Rose. 2020. The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780367824471Search in Google Scholar
Neumann, Heike, Nina Padden & Kim McDonough. 2019. Beyond English language proficiency scores: Understanding the academic performance of international undergraduate students during the first year of study. Higher Education Research & Development 38/2. 324–338.10.1080/07294360.2018.1522621Search in Google Scholar
O’Loughlin, Kieran & Sophie Arkoudis. 2009. Investigating IELTS exit score gains in higher education. IELTS Research Reports 10. 95–150.Search in Google Scholar
Pun, Jack K. H. & Nathan Thomas. 2020. “English medium instruction: Teachers” challenges, coping strategies. ELT Journal 74(3). 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccaa024.Search in Google Scholar
Rogier, Dawn. 2012. The effects of English-medium instruction on language proficiency of students enrolled in higher education in the UAE. Exeter: University of Exeter Unpublished doctoral thesis.Search in Google Scholar
Roothooft, Hanne. 2019. Spanish lecturers’ beliefs about English medium instruction: STEM versus Humanities. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1707768.Search in Google Scholar
Rose, Heath, Samantha Curle, Ikuya Aizawa & Gene Thompson. 2019. ‘What drives success in English medium taught courses? The interplay between language proficiency, academic skills, motivation. Studies in Higher Education 45(1). 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1590690.Search in Google Scholar
Ross, Steven. 1998. Measuring gain in language programs: Theory, research. Sydney, N.S.W: National Centre for English Teaching, Resource, Macquarie University.Search in Google Scholar
Selvi, Ali Fuad. 2014. The medium-of-instruction debate in Turkey: Oscillating between national ideas and bilingual ideals. Current Issues in Language Planning 15(2). 133–152.10.1080/14664208.2014.898357Search in Google Scholar
Sert, Nehir. 2008. The language of instruction Dilemma in the Turkish context. System 36. 156–171.10.1016/j.system.2007.11.006Search in Google Scholar
Soruç, Adem, Asiye Dinler & Carol Griffiths. 2018. Listening comprehension strategies of EMI students in Turkey. In Yasemin Kırkgöz & Kenan Dikilitaş (eds.), Key issues in English for specific purposes in higher education, 11, 265–287. Cham: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-70214-8_15Search in Google Scholar
Soruç, Adem & Carol Griffiths. 2018. English as a medium of instruction: Students’ strategies. ELT Journal 72/1. 38–48.10.1093/elt/ccx017Search in Google Scholar
Storch, Neomy & Kathryn Hill. 2008. What happens to international students’ English after one semester at university? Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 31/1. 1–17.10.2104/aral0804Search in Google Scholar
Sunderland, Jane. 2000. State of the art article: Language and gender. Language Teaching. CUP.Search in Google Scholar
Tabachnick, Barbara G. & Linda S. Fidell. 2013. Using multivariate statistics, 6th edn. London: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar
Terraschke, Agnes & Ridwan Wahid. 2011. The impact of EAP study on the academic experiences of international post graduate students in Australia. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 10/3. 173–182.10.1016/j.jeap.2011.05.003Search in Google Scholar
Tsou, Wenli & Shin-Mei Kao. 2017. Overview of EMI development. In Tsou Wenli & Kao Shin-Mei (eds.), English as a Medium of Instruction in Higher Education Implementations, Classroom Practices in Taiwan, 3–18. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.10.1007/978-981-10-4645-2_1Search in Google Scholar
Turhan, Burcu & Yasemin Kırkgöz. 2018. Motivation of engineering students and lecturers toward English medium instruction at tertiary level in Turkey. Journal of Language, Linguistic Studies 14/1. 261–277.Search in Google Scholar
Uçar, Hülya & Adem Soruç. 2018. ‘Examining Turkish university students’ sense of achievement, motivation, anxiety: A comparison of the English-, French-medium education systems. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics 4/2. 177–191.10.32601/ejal.464096Search in Google Scholar
Ünlü, Meliha. 2009. Dilimiz tehlikede [Our language is in danger]. Çağın Polisi 8(91). Available at: http://www.caginpolisi.com.tr/91/20-21-22-23-24.htm.Search in Google Scholar
West, Richard, Ayşen Guven, Julian Parry & Tuğçe Ergenekon. 2015. The state of English in higher education in Turkey. Ankara: British Council & TEPAV. Available at: https://www.britishcouncil.org.tr/sites/default/files/he_baseline_study_book_web_son.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Wait, Isaac W. & Justin W. Gressel. 2009. Relationship between TOEFL score, academic success for international engineering students. Journal of Engineering Education 98/4. 389–398.10.1002/j.2168-9830.2009.tb01035.xSearch in Google Scholar
Wongtrirat, Rachawan. 2010. English language proficiency, academic achievement of international students: A meta-analysis. Norfolk: Old Dominion University Unpublished doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Xie, Wanying & Samantha Curle. 2020. Success in English medium instruction in China: Significant indicators, implications. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 1–13. 10.1080/13670050.2019.1703898.10.1080/13670050.2019.1703898Search in Google Scholar
Yang, Wenhsien. 2015. Content and language integrated learning next in Asia: Evidence of learners’ achievement in CLIL education from a Taiwan tertiary degree programme. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 18/4. 361–382.10.1080/13670050.2014.904840Search in Google Scholar
Yen, Dorothy A. & Joanne Kuzma. 2009. Higher IELTS score, higher academic performance? The validity of IELTS in predicting the academic performance of Chinese students. Worcester Journal of Learning, Teaching 3. 1–7.Search in Google Scholar
Yıldız, Merve, Adem Soruç & Carol Griffiths. 2017. Challenges and needs of students in the EMI (English as a medium of instruction) classroom. Konin Language Studies 5(4). 387–402.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Cross-linguistic influence on the use of L2 collocations: the case of Vietnamese learners
- Commodification or shared ownership? A case study of Chinese communities in the linguistic landscape of Bendigo
- Learner emotions, autonomy and trait emotional intelligence in ‘in-person’ versus emergency remote English foreign language teaching in Europe
- Isomorphism and language-specific devices in comprehension of Korean suffixal passive construction by Mandarin-speaking learners of Korean
- A longitudinal study at an English medium instruction university in Turkey: the interplay between English language improvement and academic success
- L2 university students’ motivational self system in English writing: a sociocultural inquiry
- Using PowerPoint slides as a resource for coordinating understanding during presentation consultations at an L2 speaking center
- Professional written voice “in flux”: the case of social work
- A mixed-methods study of English vocabulary for medical purposes: medical students’ needs, difficulties, and strategies
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Cross-linguistic influence on the use of L2 collocations: the case of Vietnamese learners
- Commodification or shared ownership? A case study of Chinese communities in the linguistic landscape of Bendigo
- Learner emotions, autonomy and trait emotional intelligence in ‘in-person’ versus emergency remote English foreign language teaching in Europe
- Isomorphism and language-specific devices in comprehension of Korean suffixal passive construction by Mandarin-speaking learners of Korean
- A longitudinal study at an English medium instruction university in Turkey: the interplay between English language improvement and academic success
- L2 university students’ motivational self system in English writing: a sociocultural inquiry
- Using PowerPoint slides as a resource for coordinating understanding during presentation consultations at an L2 speaking center
- Professional written voice “in flux”: the case of social work
- A mixed-methods study of English vocabulary for medical purposes: medical students’ needs, difficulties, and strategies