The Riddles of Hittite Indefinite Pronouns
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Andrej V. Sideltsev
Abstract
The paper explores the syntax of Hittite indefinite pronouns. It is universally accepted that indefinite pronouns are preverbal. Whereas this is certainly true, the real distribution is shown to be much more complex. I particularly analyze the placement of indefinite pronouns vis-à-vis preverbs, contrastive focus, verbs and negation. I also systematically confront behavior of indefinite NP (“a man”), on the one hand, and indefinite pronouns (“someone”)/indefinite pronouns + NP (“some man”), on the other, and show that they behave differently in syntactic terms contra existing accounts of Luraghi (1990) or Huggard (2014; 2015). Finally, clause second position of indefinite pronouns1 is explored. I argue that it is a post-OH phenomenon due to the analogy from relative pronouns and subordinators like kuit “as”.
Appendix
I Further examples of indefinite pronoun in front of (= to the left of) preverbs
(18j) MH/NS (CTH 264.A) KUB 13.4 rev. iii 64–65
n=ašta mānšaḫ-ašur.gi7-aškuwapikki anda
CONN=LOC if pig-NOM.SG.C dog-NOM.SG.C somewhere in
šālik-a
touch-3SG.PRS.MED
“If a pig (or) a dog ever touch somewhere.”[368]
(18k) NS (CTH 278.1) KBo 31.4+ rev. iv 23′–24′
man=kan antuḫš-i našmadumu–l-i karad-uš
if=LOC man-DAT.SG or child-DAT.SG intestine-ACC.PL.C
kuiškiarḫa karirap-i
somebody.NOM.SG.C away devour-3SG.PRS
“If to a (grown-up) man or to a child somebody devours intestines.”[369]
(18l) NH/NS (CTH 81.A) KUB 1.1(+) rev. iii 14 (§10a)
[gim(–an=ma)] ue-t ištu é.lugal di–eššar
when=but come-3SG.PST from palace lawsuit.NOM.SG.N
ku[(itkiegir–pa ḫuitti)]ya-ttat
somehow back draw-3SG.PST.MED
“Now, [whe(n)] it happened, that the lawsuit was some[(how reop)]ened by the palace, ...”[370]
(18m) NH/NS (CTH 569.II.3.B) KUB 50.6+ obv. ii 35–36
nu=kan abidutu–š=i [.]x?-xkuitkišer arḫa pai-t
CONN=LOC father Majesty=My x something.ACC.SG.N up away go-3SG.PST
“The father of His Majesty had somehow ignored? [...].”[371]
(18n) NH/NS (CTH 123) KBo 4.14 obv. ii 41–42
lúkúr=wa=za [ištu kur]=yakuiškiarḫa tarna-š
enemy=QUOT=REFL from land=my somebody.NOM.SG.N away let.go-3SG.PST
“Somebody has let the enemy out of my [land].”[372]
(18o) NH/NS (CTH 584) KUB 31.71 rev. iii! 2–3
nu=wa=kan zašḫiyadumu.lugalmānkuiški
CONN=QUOT=LOC dream.LOC.SG prince like somebody.NOM.SG.C
andaue-t
in come-3SG.PST
“In (my) dream, someone like a prince entered.”[373]
(18p) NH/NS (CTH 42.A) KBo 5.3+ rev. iii 40′–41′
man=ta=kkanapeniššuwant-iuddan-īdamai-šš=a
if?=you=LOC such-DAT.SG matter-DAT.SG other-NOM.SG.C=and
kuiškiparrandatittanu-zzi
somebody.NOM.SG.C across set-3SG.PRS
“Even if someone else leads you astray to such an act, ...”[374]
(18q) NH/NS (CTH 382) KBo 11.1 obv. 40
māngišgu.zaduna4zi.kinkuiškikatta
if throne Stormgod stela somebody.NOM.SG.C down
laknu-t
overturn-3SG.PRS
“If someone has overturned the throne of the Stormgod, (or) a stela, ...”[375]
(18r) NH/NS (CTH 486.B) KUB 48.100+ obv. 4–5
nu=mu=kan memiaš t[(epu)] kuitki
CONN=me=LOC word.NOM.SG.C little somehow
šarā [(iya-ttat)]
up go-3SG.PST.MED
“There came upsomewhat[376] l[(ittle)] speech.”[377]
(18s) NH/NS (CTH 63.A) KUB 19.31+ rev. iii 41′′–42′′
mān=wa=kandutu–š=i kurlúkúrkuitkianda ḫatkešnu-mi
if=QUOT=LOC Majesty=My land enemy some in beset-1SG.PRS
“If I, My Majesty, beset some enemy land, ...”[378]
(18t) NH/lNS (CTH 383) KUB 21.19+ rev. iv 18′–20′
nu=kan mān apātḫul–lu uttar
CONN=LOC if that.ACC.SG.N evil.ACC.SG.N matter.ACC.SG.N
tuliyakuiškianda memai
assembly.LOC.SG somebody.NOM.SG.C in speak.3SG.PRS
“And someone speaks concurrently about that evil matter in the assembly.”[379]
(18u) MH/NS (CTH 260.2) KUB 31.42 obv. ii 2–4
našma=kan ša é.gal–lì=ma idālu-n memian
or=LOC of palace=but evil-ACC.SG.C word.ACC.SG.C
kuiški kuedanikkianda ištamaš-zi
some.NOM.SG.C some.DAT.SG in hear-3SG.PRS
“Or (if) someone hears from someone any evil matter concerning the palace, ...”[380]
(18v) NH/NS (CTH 89.A) KUB 21.29+ rev. iv 8–9
mān=ma=[ka]nun-aš=makuiškišauru–lì
if=but=LOC person-NOM.SG.C=but some.NOM.SG.C of city
ana lúmeš[u]ruGašgakuiškiandadammek-tari
to people Gasga somebody.NOM.SG.C in join-3SG.PRS.MED
“If any person of the city – anybody – joins people of Gasga, ...”[381]
Finally, a fragmentary, but sufficiently well preserved example:
(18w) MH/MS (CTH 251) KBo 16.25(+) obv. i 72′
[... šume]nzanbelgalkuinkianda ḫui[ttiya-uwanzi ē]p-zi
[you]r lord great some.ACC.SG.C into draw-INF take-3SG.PRS
“[... be]gins [to] dr[aw ...] some great lord [of you]rs into [...].”[382]
Indefinite pronouns are also in front of time adverbs:
(18z) NH/NS (CTH 68.C) KBo 5.13 rev. iii 22–23
mānn=aḫul–lu-nmemiyan kuinkiša
if=and bad-ACC.SG.C matter.ACC.SG.C some.ACC.SG.C of
balperanparā ištamaš-ti
revolt before out hear-2SG.PRS
“And if you hear in advance about some plan to revolt, ...”[383]
Peran parā “in advance” is not a preverb, but an adverb, CHD (P: 303). The example is not completely unambiguous as it contains only one NP which includes the indefinite pronoun.
II Examples of indefinite pronoun in front of (= to the left of) preverbs which are ambiguous between preverbal and second position of the indefinite pronoun
(21a) MH/MS (CTH 190) HKM 84 l. e. b 1
[mān ana ding]irmeškuitkiegir–an tarna-tti
if to gods something.ACC.SG.N back let.go-2SG.PRS
“[If] you turn something over [to the go]ds, (they will lovingly protect you).”[384]
(21b) NH/NS (CTH 379) KUB 31.121 obv. ii 11′–13′
1. karū kui-ēšlugalmeš eš-ir
before who-NOM.PL.C kings be-3PL.PRS
2. nu=kan mā[n] apiyakuiškianda dai[-š]
CONN=LOC whether then some.NOM.SG.C into put-3SG.PST
“(I do not know) (1) whether (2) any of the kings (1) that ruled (lit. were) in the past (2) added (any word) then.”[385]
(21c) MH/NS (CTH 260.3.A) KUB 26.24+ obv. ii 7
našmalúkúr=nikuedani[(kki)] egir–an tiya-weni
or enemy=our some.DAT.SG back step-1PL.PRS
“Or (if) we support so[(me)] enemy of ours, ...”[386]
(21d) MH/NS (CTH 260.1) KUB 31.44+ obv. ii 8–9
našma=nnaš=k[(an)] lúţemu=makuiški
or=us=LOC messenger=but somebody.NOM.SG.C
kattan arḫa uiya-zzi
down away send-3SG.PRS
“Or (if) someone sends a messenger to us.”[387]
(21e) MH/MS (CTH 278.1) KBo 31.5+ obv. ii 7-8
mān=kandlammakuškurša-škued[ani]kkiarḫa talliyanza
if=LOC protective.god fleece-GEN.SG somebody.DAT.SG away invoked.NOM.SG.C
“If the protective deity of the fleece is invoked awayto som[eb]ody.”[388]
(21f) NH/NS (CTH 123) KBo 4.14 obv. ii 14
našma=mu=kanìrkuiškigam–an niy-a
or=me=LOC slave some.NOM.SG.C down turn-3SG.PRS.MED
“Or (if) some vassal defects from me.”[389]
(21g) NH/NS (CTH 123) KBo 4.14 obv. ii 73
[m]ānn=a=mu=kan 1 kur–tumkuitkigam–an niy-ari
if=and=me=LOC 1 country some.NOM.SG.N down turn-3SG.PRS.MED
“Or (if) some country defects from me.”[390]
(21h) NH/NS (CTH 69.A) KBo 19.70+ rev. iii 19′–20′[391]
nu=wa=mu=kan mānun-aškuiš[k]iegir–pa
CONN=QUOT=me=LOC if man-NOM.SG.C some.NOM.SG.N back
[ḫū]wāi
run.3SG.PRS
“And if some person flees from me, ...”[392]
(21i) NH/NS (CTH 42.B) KUB 19.24+ obv. 10′
[našma=ta=kka]nANAka[(r])aškuwap[ik(kia)]ndapeya-mi
or=you=LOC to army somewhere in send-1SG.PRS
“[Or] I send [you] somew[h(eret)]o the army, ...”[393]
(21j) NH/NS (CTH 42.B) KUB 19.24+ obv. 9′–10′
naššu=ta=kkan [. . kuwapi]kkianda [pey]a[-mi]
or=you=LOC x somewhere in send-1SG.PRS
“Or [I s]en[d] you [somewh]ere [in a city/country?], ...”[394]
(21k) NH/NS (CTH 76.A) KBo 19.73+ obv. ii 79
nu=kan apēdaškuwatqa parā ušk[i-(ši)]
CONN=LOC those.DAT.PL somehow out see.IMPF-2SG.PRS
“But [(you)] somehow igno[re] (the actions) of these men.”[395]
(21l) NH/lNS (CTH 67) KBo 5.4 rev. 23
n=an=za=an=šan analúkúrkuwatqa kattan
CONN=him=REFL=him=LOC to enemy somehow down
pešti
give.2SG.PRS
“But somehow betray them to the enemy, ...”[396]
(21m) OH/NS (CTH 6) KUB 1.16+ rev. iii 60–61
naššudingir–lì–n-ikuiškiperan wašti
or god-DAT.SG somebody.NOM.SG.C before sin.3SG.PRS
“Or whether someone offends before a deity.”[397]
(21n) MH/NS (CTH 261.I.B) KUB 13.2+ rev. iv 16′–17′
našma=kanésagḫi.akuiškišarā adan
or=LOC barns somebody.NOM.SG.C up eat.PRTC.NOM.SG.N
ḫar-zi
have-3SG.PRS
“Or whether someone has consumed the grain stores.”[398]
In the following two examples there is a lacuna immediately in front of the indefinite pronoun, either at the end of the previous line or in the same line. Thus it is unclear whether the indefinite pronoun is in the second position or preverbal, but it is clear that the indefinite pronoun is in front of the preverb:
(21o) MH/MS (CTH 190) HKM 64 obv. 14
[u]ttarkuitki[š]arā watku-tta
matter.NOM.SG.N some.NOM.SG.N up spring-3SG.PST
“Some matter has arisen.”[399]
(21p) NH/NS (CTH 209.15) KUB 23.45
[ ku]inkiegirugutittanu=nun
somebody.ACC.SG.C back up set-1SG.PRS
“I set back up [so]meone [].”[400]
The relative pronouns/subordinators which function as indefinite pronouns after mān “if”,[401] attest the identical distribution:
(21q) MH/NS (CTH 264.A) KUB 13.4 rev. iii 68
mānn=a=zamunus-ikui-šgam–an šeš-zi
if=and=REFL woman-DAT.SG which-NOM.SG.C down sleep-3SG.PRS
“Also, when someone goes to sleep with a woman.”[402]
(21r) OH-MH/MS (CTH 262) IBoT 1.36 obv. iv 23
mān=aštagišgigir-za=makuwapianda pai-zzi
if=LOC chariot-ABL=but where into go-3SG.PRS
“If, however, he goes intosome place by chariot, ...”[403]
(21s) NH/lNS (CTH 106.A.1) Bo 86/299 rev. iii 44–45
mān awat nararikuwapišarā išparza-zi
if=but word help where up escape-3SG.PRS
“If at some point a summons for assistance comes up, ...”[404]
(21t) NH/NS (CTH 81.A) KUB 1.1(+) rev. iv 19-20 (§11)
numUrḫi–d[(u–u)]b-aš beluḫi.akui-ēškuwapi
CONN Urhi-Tesub-NOM.SG.C lords who-NOM.PL.C when
arḫa [(u)]iya-t
away send-3SG.PST
“To the generals whom Urhitesub had dismissed to some place, ...”[405]
(21u) NH/lNS (CTH 569.3.I) KBo 2.6+ obv. i 11′-12′
dingirmeš=šu=ya=ššikuitkatta išḫūwant-eš
gods=his=and=him somehow down throw.PRTC-NOM.PL.C
“And his gods (have) somehow (been) dumped(?), ...”[406]
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank J. Hazenbos who provided a lot of insightful and helpful criticism and C. Brosch who looked through the section on postpositions/preverbs. Naturally, the author remains solely responsible for all possible errors of fact or interpretation. The research was supported by grant RNF 14-18-03270.
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© 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Bemerkungen anläßlich der Edition eines Ensembles hethitischer Texte (CHDS 2)
- Inscribed Bullae and Bone Layer Discovered at the Ayanis Fortress/Van in 2014
- Four 7th-Century BCE Neo-Assyrian Slave Sale Records from Marqasi (Kahramanmaraş) in the Erimtan Museum (Ankara) and Elsewhere
- Two 7th-Century BCE Neo-Assyrian Slave Sale Records from Marqasi (Kahramanmaraş) in a Collection at Gaziantep
- Alalaḫ VII Chronographica (II)
- The Value sigx of sar in Third Millennium Sources
- The Riddles of Hittite Indefinite Pronouns
- The Chronology of Tyrian History in the Neo-Babylonian Period
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Bemerkungen anläßlich der Edition eines Ensembles hethitischer Texte (CHDS 2)
- Inscribed Bullae and Bone Layer Discovered at the Ayanis Fortress/Van in 2014
- Four 7th-Century BCE Neo-Assyrian Slave Sale Records from Marqasi (Kahramanmaraş) in the Erimtan Museum (Ankara) and Elsewhere
- Two 7th-Century BCE Neo-Assyrian Slave Sale Records from Marqasi (Kahramanmaraş) in a Collection at Gaziantep
- Alalaḫ VII Chronographica (II)
- The Value sigx of sar in Third Millennium Sources
- The Riddles of Hittite Indefinite Pronouns
- The Chronology of Tyrian History in the Neo-Babylonian Period
