“The sad, proud old man stared eternally out of his canvas...”: Media Criticism, Scopic Regimes and the Function of Rembrandt’s “Self-Portrait with Two Circles” in John Fowles’s Novel Daniel Martin
Abstract
On the surface level, Fowles’s novel sets the trust in the timelessness of art and the possibility of a recourse to some kind of ‘true self’ against American hyperreality. Though the novel’s verdict on the American scopic regime of simulacra is devastating, England’s morbid theatricality does not represent an alternative. However, a novel which criticizes visuality only to accord Rembrandt’s “Self-Portrait” a place of utmost importance necessarily runs into problems of self-contradiction: Rembrandt’s self-portrait refuses any one-dimensional functionalization and contains self-reflexive/revocative elements pertaining to its capitalist dimension and to the dangers of commodification/narcissism/serialization. Moreover, Rembrandt’s portrait is located at the centre of a whole series of mises en abyme and contains significant autotelic elements which link it with the criticized American scopic regime, question its representational dimension by stressing the pure materiality of the work of paint and revoke Fowles’s novel and its didactic media-theoretical underpinnings.[1]
Works Cited
[Abbreviations used in the text are given behind the individual titles.]Suche in Google Scholar
Alpers, Svetlana. 1976. “Describe or Narrate? A Problem in Realistic Representation”. New Literary History: A Journal of Theory and Interpretation 8.1: 15–41. 10.2307/468612Suche in Google Scholar
Alpers, Svetlana. 1983. The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century. Chicago, MI. University of Chicago Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Alpers, Svetlana. 1988. Rembrandt’s Enterprise: The Studio and the Market. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Bal, Mieke. 1990. “Review of Rembrandt’s Enterprise”. The Art Bulletin 72.1: 138–143.10.2307/3045723Suche in Google Scholar
Bal, Mieke. 2006. Reading Rembrandt: Beyond the Word-Image Opposition. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.10.5117/9789053568583Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean. 1988 a. The Ecstasy of Communication. Trans. Bernard Schütze and Caroline Schütze. Semiotext(e)/Foreign Agents. New York: MIT Press. Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean. 1988 b. “Fatal Strategies”. In: Jean Baudrillard. Selected Writings. Ed., with an Introduction by Mark Poster. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 185–206.10.1515/9781503619630-011Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard Jean. 1991. Die Fatalen Strategien. München: Matthes & Seitz. Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean. 1993 a. “Is an image not fundamentally immoral? Interview with Cinéma 84”. In: Mike Gane (ed.). Baudrillard Live: Selected Interviews. London/New York: Routledge. 67–71.Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean. 1993 b. “Games with Vestiges”. Interview with Salvatore Mele and Mark Titmarsh. In: Mike Gane (ed.). Baudrillard Live: Selected Interviews. London/New York: Routledge. 81–95.Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean. 1993 c. “I like the Cinema”. Interview with C. Charbonnier. In: Mike Gane (ed.). Baudrillard Live: Selected Interviews. London/New York: Routledge. 29–35. Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean. 1993 d. America. 6th ed. London/New York: Verso.Suche in Google Scholar
Baudrillard, Jean. 1994. Simulacra and Simulation. Trans. Sheila Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.9904Suche in Google Scholar
Berger, Harry jr. 2000. Fictions of the Pose: Rembrandt Against the Italian Renaissance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9781503617438Suche in Google Scholar
Boomsma, Patricia J. 1980–1981. “‘Whole Sight’: Fowles, Lukács, and Daniel Martin”. Journal of Modern Literature 8: 325–336.Suche in Google Scholar
Broos, B. P. J. 1971. “The ‘O’ of Rembrandt”. Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 4.3: 150–184.10.2307/3780321Suche in Google Scholar
Bryant, Julius. 2003. Kenwood, Paintings in the Iveagh Bequest. New Haven, CT/London: Yale University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Carrier, David. 1988. “Review of Rembrandt’s Enterprise”. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 46.4: 521–522.10.2307/431292Suche in Google Scholar
Chapman, H. Perry. 1990. Rembrandt’s Self-Portraits. A Study in Seventeenth-Century Identity, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Chittick, Kathryn A. 1985. “The Laboratory of Narrative and John Fowles’s Daniel Martin”. English Studies in Canada 11.1: 70–81. 10.1353/esc.1985.0022Suche in Google Scholar
Cichoń, Anna and Edward Szynal. 1999. “Re-discovering Europe: Daniel Martin’s Narrative”. In: Zbigniew Białas and Wiesław Krajka (eds.). East-Central European Traumas and a Millenial Condition. Boulder/Lublin: University of Michigan Press. 247–267.Suche in Google Scholar
Clarke, Jean-Marie. 2006/2013. “Full Circle”. Issued by The Rembrant [sic] Search Party: Anatomy of a Brand Name. <http://www.rembrandt-signature-file.com/remp_front.htm> [accessed 01 July 2017].Suche in Google Scholar
Cork, Richard. 2014. “A Portrait of the Artist as an Old Man: The Death of Loved Ones and Poverty Battered Rembrandt’s Spirit—But Not His Creativity”. The Wall Street Journal 24; <http://www.wsj.com/articles/masterpiece-rembrandts-self-portrait-with-two-circles-1414187690> [accessed 01 September 2017].Suche in Google Scholar
Fawkner, Harald William. 1984. The Timescapes of John Fowles. London/Cranbury, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press. Suche in Google Scholar
Fowles, John. 1977/1989. Daniel Martin. London: Picador/Pan Books. [DM]Suche in Google Scholar
Fowles, John. 1993. The Aristos. Revised Edition. London/Basingstoke: Picador/Pan Books.Suche in Google Scholar
Gane, Mike. 1991. Baudrillard’s Bestiary: Baudrillard and Culture. London/New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Grivel, Charles. 1990. “Der siderale Körper: Zum Prinzip der Kommunikation”. In: Jochen Hörisch and Michael Wetzel (eds.). Armaturen der Sinne – Literarische und technische Medien 1870 bis 1920. München: Fink. 177–199.Suche in Google Scholar
Hall, James. 2014. The Self-Portrait: A Cultural History. London: Thames & Hudson. Suche in Google Scholar
Hirschfelder Dagmar. 2008. Tronie und Porträt in der niederländischen Malerei des 17. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.Suche in Google Scholar
Horlacher, Stefan. 1998. Visualität und Visualitätskritik im Werk von John Fowles. Tübingen: Narr.Suche in Google Scholar
Horlacher, Stefan. 2000a. “Wege zum Leben – Wege zur Kunst: Intertextuelle Überlegungen zu John Fowles’ Novelle ‘The Ebony Tower’ unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von D. H. Lawrence und Friedrich Nietzsche”. Anglia 118.3: 374–404.10.1515/ANGL.2000.373Suche in Google Scholar
Horlacher, Stefan. 2000b. “Zur Bedeutung der Internationalen Gotik für John Fowles’ Novelle ‘The Ebony Tower’: Pisanello, Uccello und die Darstellung der Natur”. Anglistik: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Anglistenverbandes 11.2: 90–112.Suche in Google Scholar
Horlacher, Stefan. 2004. “Daniel Martin, America, Faith in Fakes/Travels in Hyperreality und das Verschwinden der Realität – Überlegungen zum antizipatorischen Potential von Literatur”. In: Stefan Horlacher, Stefan Glomb (eds.). Beyond Extremes: Reflexion und Repräsentation von Modernisierungsprozessen im zeitgenössischen britischen Roman. Tübingen: Narr. 291–329.Suche in Google Scholar
Jones, Jonathan. 2013. “Is this the Greatest Painting in Britain?” The Guardian November 21: <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2013/nov/21/rembrandt-kenwood-self-portrait-best-painting-britain> [accessed 01 July 2017].Suche in Google Scholar
Judge, Jenny. 2014 “Rembrandt’s Lessons for the Selfie Era: Why We Must Learn to Look Again”. The Guardian October 16: <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/16/rembrandt-selfie-era-self-portrait> [accessed 01 August 2018].Suche in Google Scholar
Kefalea, Circe. 1995. “The Literary Alphabet of John Fowles”. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 20.1: 133–145.Suche in Google Scholar
Kellner, Douglas. n.d. “‘Baudrillard: A New McLuhan?’ Illuminations: The Critical Theory Project”. Issued by UCLA. <https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/Illumina%20Folder/kell26.htm> [accessed: 04 February 2017].Suche in Google Scholar
Kellner, Douglas. 1991. Jean Baudrillard: From Marxism to Postmodernism and Beyond. 2nd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Kochhar-Lindgren, Gray. 1993. Narcissus Transformed: The Textual Subject in Psychoanalysis and Literature. Literature & Philosophy. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1984. Das Auge und der Geist:Philosophische Essays. Ed. and trans. by Hans Werner Arndt. Hamburg: Felix Meiner.Suche in Google Scholar
Monaco, James. 1981. How to Read a Film: Movies, Media, and Beyond. Revised Edition. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Nash, J. M. 1989. “Speculating on Rembrandt”. Art History 12.2: 233–240.10.1111/j.1467-8365.1989.tb00351.xSuche in Google Scholar
Olshen, Barry N. 1978. John Fowles. New York: Ungar.Suche in Google Scholar
Onega, Susana. 1989. Form and Meaning in the Novels of John Fowles. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Parmentier, Michael. 1997. “Das gemalte Ich. Über die Selbstbilder von Rembrandt”. Zeitschrift für Pädagogik 43.5: 721–737.Suche in Google Scholar
Porter, Jeanne Chenault. 1988. “Rembrandt and His Circles: More about the Late Self-Portrait in Kenwood House”. In: Roland E. Fleischer and Susan Scott Munshower (eds.). The Age of Rembrandt: Studies in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Painting. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. 189–212. Suche in Google Scholar
Raupp, Hans-Joachim. 1993. “Der alte Künstler und das Alterswerk”. In: Ursel Berger and Jutta Desel (eds.). Bilder vom alten Menschen in der niederländischen und deutschen Kunst 1550–1750, Ausstellung im Herzog-Anton-Ulrich-Museum Braunschweig vom 14. Dezember 1993 bis 20. Februar 1994. Herzog-Anton-Ulrich-Museum Braunschweig. 87–97.Suche in Google Scholar
Reder, Hillary. 2015. “Serial & Singular: Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans”. Issued by INSIDE/OUT. A MoMA/MoMA PS1 BlOG, 29 April: <https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2015/04/29/serial-singular-andy-warhols-campbells-soup-cans/> [accessed 20 January 2017].Suche in Google Scholar
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. 1665–69. “Self-Portrait with Two Circles”. Oil on canvas. Kenwood House, London. Wikimedia Commons. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Self_Portrait_with_Two_Circles.jpg> [accessed 02 October 2018].Suche in Google Scholar
Siegal, Nina. 2015. “With Rembrandt, the Selfie Takes On New Meaning”. The New York Times April 16: <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/arts/international/with-rembrandt-the-selfie-takes-on-new-meaning.html> [accessed 01 August 2018]. Suche in Google Scholar
Silver, Larry. 1989. “Review of Rembrandt’s Enterprise”. The American Historical Review 94.5: 1409–1410.10.2307/1906453Suche in Google Scholar
Small, Andrew. 1996. Essays in Self-Portraiture: A Comparison of Technique in the Self-Portraits of Montaigne and Rembrandt. New York: Peter Lang. Suche in Google Scholar
Sooke, Alastair. 2014. “Did Rembrandt Invent the Selfie?” BBC Culture October 09: <http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20141009-did-rembrandt-invent-the-selfie> [accessed 01 July 2017].Suche in Google Scholar
Suthor, Nicola. 2014. Rembrandts Rauheit: Eine phänomenologische Untersuchung. Paderborn: Fink.10.30965/9783846757390Suche in Google Scholar
Temple-Thurston, Barbara. 1984. “Time: The Tensional Nature of Reality in John Fowles’ Daniel Martin”. Anglo-American Studies 4.1: 51–57.Suche in Google Scholar
Vieth, Lynne S. 1991. “The Re-Humanization of Art: Pictoral Aesthetics in John Fowles’s The Ebony Tower and Daniel Martin”. Modern Fiction Studies 37.2: 217–233. 10.1353/mfs.0.0719Suche in Google Scholar
Wilson, Raymond J. III. 1995. “Overcoming Reification in Daniel Martin: John Fowles’s Response to Georg Lukács”. The Journal of Narrative Technique 25.3: 301–319.Suche in Google Scholar
Winkgens, Meinhard. 1988. Die kulturkritische Verankerung der Literaturkritik bei F. R. Leavis. Paderborn: Schöningh. Suche in Google Scholar
Žižek, Slavoj. 1989. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso. Suche in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Scytel: A New Old English Word for ‘Penis’
- Zelotes and elnvnges: The Extension of Genitive Singular ‑es in the Gloss to the Durham Collectar
- The Cambridge and the Exeter Book Physiologi: Associative Imagery, Allegorical Circularity, and Isidorean Organization
- Framing the Romantic Artist: Goethe’s Torquato Tasso and James’s Roderick Hudson
- “The sad, proud old man stared eternally out of his canvas...”: Media Criticism, Scopic Regimes and the Function of Rembrandt’s “Self-Portrait with Two Circles” in John Fowles’s Novel Daniel Martin
- Reviews
- Judith Huber. Motion and the English Verb: A Diachronic Study. Oxford Studies in the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xvi + 363 pp., £ 64.00.
- Review
- Rebecca Shapiro (ed.). Foreword by Jack Lynch. Fixing Babel: An Historical Anthology of Applied English Lexicography. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2017, xl + 608 pp., $ 150.00/£ 100.00.
- Tristan Major. Undoing Babel: The Tower of Babel in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018, xiv + 292 pp., $ 70.00.
- Elise Louviot. Direct Speech in Beowulf and Other Old English Narrative Poems. Anglo-Saxon Studies 30. Cambridge: Brewer, 2016, vii + 285 pp., 5 figures, £ 65.00.
- Joshua Byron Smith. Walter Map and the Matter of Britain. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, xi + 254 pp., $ 69.95/£ 58.00.
- Ian Cornelius. Reconstructing Alliterative Verse: The Pursuit of a Medieval Meter. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, x + 219 pp., 6 tables, £ 75.00.
- Frank Wilker. Cultural Memories of Origin: Trauma, Memory and Imagery in African American Narratives of the Middle Passage. American Studies: A Monograph Series 241. Heidelberg: Winter, 2017, 302 pp., 12 illustr., € 42.00.
- Carsten Junker. Patterns of Positioning: On the Poetics of Early Abolition. American Studies – A Monograph Series 271. Heidelberg: Winter, 2016, 515 pp., 9 illustr., € 48.00.
- Gero Guttzeit. The Figures of Edgar Allan Poe: Authorship, Antebellum Literature, and Transatlantic Rhetoric. Anglia Book Series 56. Berlin/Boston: DeGruyter, 2017, 256 pp., 99.95 €.
- Andrew S. Gross. The Pound Reaction: Liberalism and Lyricism in Midcentury American Literature. Heidelberg: Winter, 2015, 262 pp., € 36.00.
- John Parham and Louise Westling (eds.). A Global History of Literature and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, 459 pp., £ 78.99.
- Books Received
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Scytel: A New Old English Word for ‘Penis’
- Zelotes and elnvnges: The Extension of Genitive Singular ‑es in the Gloss to the Durham Collectar
- The Cambridge and the Exeter Book Physiologi: Associative Imagery, Allegorical Circularity, and Isidorean Organization
- Framing the Romantic Artist: Goethe’s Torquato Tasso and James’s Roderick Hudson
- “The sad, proud old man stared eternally out of his canvas...”: Media Criticism, Scopic Regimes and the Function of Rembrandt’s “Self-Portrait with Two Circles” in John Fowles’s Novel Daniel Martin
- Reviews
- Judith Huber. Motion and the English Verb: A Diachronic Study. Oxford Studies in the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xvi + 363 pp., £ 64.00.
- Review
- Rebecca Shapiro (ed.). Foreword by Jack Lynch. Fixing Babel: An Historical Anthology of Applied English Lexicography. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2017, xl + 608 pp., $ 150.00/£ 100.00.
- Tristan Major. Undoing Babel: The Tower of Babel in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018, xiv + 292 pp., $ 70.00.
- Elise Louviot. Direct Speech in Beowulf and Other Old English Narrative Poems. Anglo-Saxon Studies 30. Cambridge: Brewer, 2016, vii + 285 pp., 5 figures, £ 65.00.
- Joshua Byron Smith. Walter Map and the Matter of Britain. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, xi + 254 pp., $ 69.95/£ 58.00.
- Ian Cornelius. Reconstructing Alliterative Verse: The Pursuit of a Medieval Meter. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, x + 219 pp., 6 tables, £ 75.00.
- Frank Wilker. Cultural Memories of Origin: Trauma, Memory and Imagery in African American Narratives of the Middle Passage. American Studies: A Monograph Series 241. Heidelberg: Winter, 2017, 302 pp., 12 illustr., € 42.00.
- Carsten Junker. Patterns of Positioning: On the Poetics of Early Abolition. American Studies – A Monograph Series 271. Heidelberg: Winter, 2016, 515 pp., 9 illustr., € 48.00.
- Gero Guttzeit. The Figures of Edgar Allan Poe: Authorship, Antebellum Literature, and Transatlantic Rhetoric. Anglia Book Series 56. Berlin/Boston: DeGruyter, 2017, 256 pp., 99.95 €.
- Andrew S. Gross. The Pound Reaction: Liberalism and Lyricism in Midcentury American Literature. Heidelberg: Winter, 2015, 262 pp., € 36.00.
- John Parham and Louise Westling (eds.). A Global History of Literature and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, 459 pp., £ 78.99.
- Books Received